One liners | Important Points and Definitions

This post contains important one-liner questions in pharmacology which will help you to understand the basic terms in the pharmacology subject and strengthens you for the various competitive pharmacy exams.

2 〉 A ligand that binds to a receptor and alters the receptor state resulting in a biological response.

-- Agonist

4 〉 A full agonist is an agonist that produces the largest maximal response of any known agonist that acts on the same receptor.

-- Full Agonist

6 〉 The amount of change in measured output per unit change in input.

-- Amplification

7 〉 A drug that dulls the sense of pain. It differs from an anesthetic agent in that it relieves pain without loss of consciousness.

-- Analgesic

8 〉 A drug that causes loss of sensation.

-- Anesthetic

10 〉 The determination of the potency of a physical, chemical or biological agent, by means of a biological indicator

-- Biological Assay

11 〉 The percent of dose entering the systemic circulation after administration of a given dosage form.

-- Bioavailability

13 〉 Chemical alteration of an agent (drug) that occurs by virtue of the sojourn of the agent in a biological system.

-- Biotransformation

14 〉 The movement of chemicals (drugs) into, through, and out of biological organisms or their parts.

-- Biotranslocation

1 〉 Continued substance use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent psychological, or physical problem that is caused or exacerbated by use of the substance

-- Addiction

3 〉 A partial agonist is an agonist that produces a maximal response that is less than the maximal response produced by another agonist acting at the same receptors on the same tissue.

-- Partial Agonist

5 〉 An inverse agonist is a ligand that by binding to a receptor reduces the fraction of receptors in an active conformation, thereby reducing basal activity.

-- Inverse Agonist

9 〉 The joint effect of two or more drugs such that the combined effect is less than the sum of the effects produced by each agent separately.

-- Antagonism

12 〉 The science and study of the ways in which the pharmaceutical formulation of administered agents can influence their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic behaviour.

-- Biopharmaceutics

15 〉 A form of experiment in which the participants are, to some degree, kept ignorant of the nature and doses of materials administered as specific parts of the experiment.

-- Blind Experiment

This post contains some one liners of Organic Chemistry. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Organic Chemistry.

2 〉 Two electrons that are not shared between atoms within a molecule.

-- lone pair/unshared pair

3 〉 The measure of an object’s matter.

-- mass

4 〉 The formula that shows all the atoms a molecule consist of.

-- molecular formula

5 〉 The smallest piece of an atom that can exist in a free state.

-- molecule

6 〉 A reaction between an acid and a base that results in salt and water.

-- neutralization reaction

7 〉 Part of the orbital area in an atom where it is impossible to find an electron.

-- node

8 〉 A bond where elections are equally shared between two atoms.

-- nonpolar covalent bond

9 〉 When parts of the nucleus of atoms are forced together to create a new one.

-- nuclear fusion

10 〉 When a reaction affects the nucleus of an atom.

-- nuclear reaction

11 〉 The particles in the nucleus of an atom.

-- nucleons

12 〉 The area of an atom where electrons orbit it.

-- orbital

13 〉 When a liquid flows through a semi permeable membrane.

-- osmosis

14 〉 The percentage of yield that occurred versus the theoretical yield.

-- percent yield

15 〉 Properties of a substance that can be observed without using a chemical reaction that would change the substance.

-- physical property

1 〉 A chemical in a reaction that is used up before other ingredients in the reaction, thus limiting how much of the resulting substance can be produced.

-- limiting reagent

This post contains some one liners of Organic Chemistry. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Organic Chemistry.

2 〉 A column within the periodic table of elements.

-- group

11 〉 The force between two molecules.

-- intermolecular force

1 〉 The high level of energy electrons can achieve as energy is added.

-- excited state

3 〉 The time it takes for a decaying radioactive substance to be reduced by half.

-- half–life

4 〉 A measure of the kinetic energy within a system of particles.

-- heat

5 〉 Orbitals created by mixing other orbitals.

-- hybrid orbitals

6 〉 The process wherein orbitals of similar energies are combined to form a set of equivalent ‘hybrid’ orbital.

-- hybridization

7 〉 A chemical reaction where water is introduced in another substance usually to separate it.

-- hydrolysis

8 〉 When substances cannot dissolve into one another

-- immiscible

9 〉 Compunds which change colors at different pH levels.

-- indicators

10 〉 Molecules that exist only during a chemical reaction; not before or after the reaction.

-- intermediate

12 〉 An atom which has lost or gained electrons and become charged.

-- ion

13 〉 A bond formed when charge particles stick together.

-- ionic bond

14 〉 The energy needed to remove an electron from a gaseous atom.

-- ionization energy

15 〉 A chemical reaction after which the resulting agents cannot be changed back into the reactions ingredients.

-- irreversible reaction

This post contains some one liners of Organic Chemistry. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Organic Chemistry.

9 〉 The path through which electrons flow.

-- circuit

14 〉 When vapor changes into a liquid.

-- condensation

1 〉 Type of oxide that can form a base if water is added.

-- base anhydride

2 〉 A compound that consists of specifically two elements.

-- binary compound

3 〉 Energy that holds nucleus’ neutrons and protons together

-- binding energy

4 〉 Used to describe the study of the flow of heat.

-- calorimetry

5 〉 A substance that can make a chemical reaction faster but which is not actually needed to produce the reaction nor is used in the reaction.

-- catalyst

6 〉 When a reaction provides the agents for a subsequent reaction.

-- chain reaction

7 〉 Properties that require a chemical reaction to observe.

-- chemical properties

8 〉 Used to describe when symmetric parts of a molecule are not super imposable on one another.

-- chirality

10 〉 A solution property that changes if the concentration of that solution changes.

-- colligative property

11 〉 When a compound is changed into water, heat, and CO2 as a result of combining with oxygen.

-- combustion

12 〉 A combination of elements into a more complex molecule.

-- compound

13 〉 The amount of a substance dissolved in a liquid.

-- concentration

15 〉 A the amount of electricity which can flow through an object.

-- conductance

This post contains some one liners of Organic Chemistry. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Organic Chemistry.

3 〉 A bond where atoms share elections.

-- covalent bond

1 〉 The types and totals of atoms which makeup a molecule.

-- constitution

2 〉 A spectrum all the colors of light.

-- continuous spectrum

4 〉 The amount of a specific radioactive material it takes to create a chain reaction.

-- critical mass

5 〉 When a complex molecule becomes broken apart to create two or more smaller ones.

-- decomposition

6 〉 When the structure of proteins beak down from exposure to heat.

-- denature

7 〉 When particles move to a lower area of concentration from a high area of concentration.

-- diffusion

8 〉 When a substance, called a solvent, is added to a suspension to reduce the concentration.

-- dilution

9 〉 When a mix of liquids is separated by heating it up because one liquid boils at a different temperature than the other.

-- distillation

10 〉 When a compound is separated by the use of electricity.

-- electrolysis

11 〉 A substance that cannot be divded chemically into component substances.

-- element

12 〉 When drops of a li quid are suspended in another liquid.

-- emulsion

13 〉 The current level of energy an electron has within an atom.

-- energy level

14 〉 When the forward and reverse rates are equal in a chemical reaction.

-- equilibrium

15 〉 When a solution is completely neutral in a titration.

-- equivalence point

This post contains some one liners of Organic Chemistry. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Organic Chemistry.

2 〉 A compound (or object) that is superimposible on its mirror image.

-- achiral

6 〉 A group containing 3 carbon atoms and a double bond

-- allyl group

11 〉 A term applied an object or molecule that does not possess symmetry.

-- asymmetry

15 〉 A base is a substance that can combine with a proton.

-- Base

1 〉 An agent able to produce positively charged hydrogen ions (H+). [Since the hydrogen ion is a bare proton, it usually exists in a solvated form (such as H3O+).]

-- acid

3 〉 The minimum energy which reacting species must possess in order to be able to form an 'activated complex', or 'transition state', before proceeding to the products.

-- activation energy

4 〉 Reactions in which an unsaturated system is saturated or part saturated by the addition of a molecule across the multiple bond.

-- addition reactions

5 〉 Organic substances occurring naturally, which are basic, forming salts with acids. The basic group is usually an amino function.

-- alkaloid

7 〉 The migration of a double bond in a 3-carbon system from carbon atoms one and two to carbon atoms two and three

-- allylic rearrangement

8 〉 The specific term used to describe carbohydrate stereoisomers differing only in configuration at the hemi-acetal carbon atom.

-- anomers

9 〉 An aromatic molecule or ion possesses aromaticity. Aromaticity is the special property of planar (or nearly planar) cyclic, conjugated systems having (4n+2) conjugated pi electrons.

-- aromatic

10 〉 A term applied to the combination of molecules of a substance with one another to form more complex systems.

-- association

12 〉 A a term applied to the selective synthesis of one diastereomeric form of a compound resulting from the influence of an existing chiral centre adjacent to the developing asymmetric carbon atom.

-- asymmetric induction

13 〉 The energy levels of electrons in an atom which may be described in terms of the four quantum numbers.

-- atomic orbital

14 〉 The number of particles (atoms or molecules) in one mole of any pure substance.

-- Avogadro's constant

This post contains some one liners of Organic Chemistry. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Organic Chemistry.

2 〉 The energy required to break a particular bond by a homolytic process.

-- bond energy

1 〉 A chemical reaction in which two species (e.g. molecules, ions or radicals) react together to form new chemical species.

-- bimolecular reaction

3 〉 Any of two or more hypothetical structures of resonance theory which can be written for a molecule simply by rearranging the valence electrons of the molecule.

-- canonical structures

5 〉 The energy required to break a particular bond by a homolytic process.

-- bond energy

7 〉 The method for producing gasoline from heavy petroleum distillates.

-- catalytic cracking

4 〉 A solution of definite pH made up in such a way that the pH alters only gradually with the addition of an acid or a base.

-- buffer solution

6 〉 A substance that, when added to a reaction mixture, changes (speeds up) the rate of attainment of equilibrum in the system without itself undergoing a permanent chemical change.

-- catalyst

8 〉 Electron systems in which bonding electrons are not localised between two atoms as for a single bond but are spread (delocalized) over the whole group.

-- delocalization

9 〉 The process of improving the octane number of straight-run gasoline by increasing the proportion of aromatic and branched chain alkanes.

-- catalytic reforming

10 〉 The phenomenon in which plane polarised light is turned in a clockwise direction.

-- dextrorotatory

11 〉 Reactions which proceed by means of a set of repeating cyclical steps, e.g. the free radical addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene.

-- chain reaction

12 〉 Stereoisomeric structures which are not enantiomers (mirror images) of one another.

-- diastereomers

13 〉 A term which may be applied to any asymmetric object or molecule. The property of non-identity of an object with its mirror image

-- chirality

14 〉 The angle between groups attached on adjacent carbon atoms when viewed in a Newman projection.

-- dihedral angle

This post contains some one liners of Organic Chemistry. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Organic Chemistry.

6 〉 The tendency for atoms in a molecule to attract electrons

-- electronegativity

9 〉 An atom, molecule or ion able to accept an electron pair.

-- electrophile

11 〉 A a substance which cannot be further subdivided by chemical methods.

-- element

12 〉 A a pair of isomers which are related as mirror images of one another.

-- enantiomers

1 〉 A process in which a compound of one oxidation state changes to compounds two or more oxidation states

-- disproportionation

2 〉 The process whereby a molecule is split into simpler fragments which may be smaller molecules, atoms, free radicals or ions.

-- dissociation

3 〉 Some atoms can share two pairs of electrons to form a double bond (two covalent bonds).

-- double bond

4 〉 Intensely coloured compounds applied to a substrate. Colours are due to the absorption of light to give electronic transitions.

-- dyestuffs

5 〉 A conformation in which substituents on two attached saturated carbon atoms overlap when viewed as a Newman projection.

-- eclipsed

13 〉 A graph of the energy of a reaction against the progress of the reaction.

-- energy diagram

15 〉 A naturally occurring substance able to catalyse a chemical reaction.

-- enzyme

7 〉 The particular order in which electrons are arranged in an atom or molecule.

-- electronic configuration

8 〉 If an electron passes from one orbital to another an electronic transition occurs and there is the emission or absorption of energy corresponding to the difference in energy of the two orbitals known as

-- electronic transition

10 〉 An overall reaction in which an electrophile binds to a substrate with the expulsion of another electrophile is known as

-- electrophilic substitution

14 〉 A thermodynamic quantity which is a measure of the degree of disorder within any system.

-- entropy

This post contains some one liners of Organic Chemistry. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Organic Chemistry.

3 〉 A bond where six electrons are shared between two atoms.

-- Triple Bond

5 〉 The "3-D" arrangements of hydrocarbons.

-- Stereochemistry

1 〉 The electrons of an atom that are highest in energy and in the outermost orbitals.

-- Valence Electrons

2 〉 A hydrocarbon that can undergo addition reactions, meaning it contains a double or a triple bond.

-- Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

4 〉 Molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of atoms yet differ in their 3-D orientation.

-- Stereoisomer

6 〉 The ability of electrons to "shuffle," or alternate, between bonds, making the molecule extremely stable. The best example of this is benzene.

-- Resonance

7 〉 A polypeptide composed of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds.

-- Proteins

10 〉 An atom that has an unshared electron pair.

-- Nucleophiles

8 〉 Large macromolecules composed of many similar (sometimes identical) smaller molecules, or monomers, linked together.

-- Polymers

9 〉 Name the rule that states that atoms will lose, gain, or share electrons in order to achieve a filled valence shell, to complete their octet.

-- Octet Rule

11 〉 Biological molecules, such as DNA and RNA, composed of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

-- Nucleic Acids

12 〉 Name the formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule.

-- Molecular Formula

13 〉 A chemical formula where electrons are represented with dots. Covalent bonds are represented with a line connecting two atoms—the line represents two electrons.

-- Lewis Structure

14 〉 A functional group consisting of an internal carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms

-- Ketones

15 〉 Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

-- Isomer

This post contains some one liners of Organic Chemistry. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Organic Chemistry.

3 〉 An organic molecule containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

-- Hydrocarbon

5 〉 A neutral atom containing an unpaired electron.

-- Free Radicals

1 〉 A bond formed from the electrostatic attraction between ions with different charges. This typically consists of a metal (cation) and a nonmetal (anion). A metal loses electrons to form a cation and some non-metal gains those electrons to form an anion.

-- Ionic Bond

7 〉 A hydrocarbon containing a C-O-C unit.

-- Ethers

10 〉 A bond where four electrons are shared between two atoms.

-- Double Bond

12 〉 The removal of water from a molecule.

-- Dehydration

2 〉 It occurs when a hydrogen atom has an electromagnetic attractive interaction with an electronegative atom.

-- Hydrogen Bonding

4 〉 An atom, or group of atoms, that is responsible for reactivity of the molecule it is a part of.

-- Functional Groups

6 〉 A hydrocarbon containing a carbonyl (C=O) adjacent to an ether (C-O-C) linkage.

-- Esters

8 〉 A molecule that seeks out electrons, also known as a Lewis Acid or an electron pair acceptor.

-- Electrophile

9 〉 Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction an atom has for electrons.

-- Electronegativity

11 〉 The process by which proteins lose their 3-D (tertiary and secondary) structure by application of an external stress, most often heat.

-- Denatured

15 〉 An atom with four different atoms or groups attached to it.

-- Chirality Center

13 〉 A very strong attraction between two or more atoms that are sharing their electrons.

-- Covalent Bond

14 〉 Isomers that differ in the order the atoms are placed. They have the same number of atoms, just in a different order.

-- Constitutional Isomers

This post contains some one liners of Organic Chemistry. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Organic Chemistry.

4 〉 A a term applied to an atom or molecule having one or more free valencies.

-- radical

9 〉 Isomers formed by restricted rotation

-- rotamers

11 〉 The term given to organic molecules which contain no multiple bonds.

-- saturated

1 〉 An instrument used to measure the amount of rotation of plane polarized light by a compound, generally prepared in a solution

-- polarimeter

2 〉 A group that is used to protect a functional group from unwanted reactions. After application the protecting group can be removed to reveal the original functional group.

-- protecting group

3 〉 An equimolar mixture of the two enantiomeric isomers of a compound.

-- racemic mixture

5 〉 A chemical processes in which the proportion of more electronegative substituents is decreased, or the charge is made more negative, or the oxidation number is lowered.

-- reduction

6 〉 The process of separation of a racemate into its two enantiomers by means of some chiral agency.

-- resolution

7 〉 The representation of a compound by two or more canonical structures in which the valence electrons are rearranged to give structures of similar probability.

-- resonance

12 〉 An instrument that measures the spectrum of a sample.

-- spectrometer

8 〉 A process in which the forward reaction can reach an equilibrium with the reverse reaction.

-- reversible process

10 〉 A formal non-ambiguous, nomenclature system for the assignment of absolute configuration of structure to chiral atoms, using the Cahn, Ingold and Prelog priority rules.

-- R,S convention

13 〉 The sideways projection of a carbon-carbon single bond and the attached substituents.

-- sawhorse projection

14 〉 An instrument that measures the degree of absorption (or emission) of electromagnetic radiation by a substance.

-- spectrophotometer

15 〉 When a complex is formed between a metal ion and an a ligand in solution, the equilibrium may be expressed by a constant which is related to the free energy change for the process

-- stability constant

This post contains some one liners of Pharmaceutics. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Pharmaceutics.

1 〉 Chemically modified form of a pharmacologically active compound that has to undergo biochemical or chemical transformation before exhibiting its pharmacological effect.

-- prodrug

2 〉 Process that differentiates or separates solid particles according to their size using a meshed or perfo- rated device.

-- sieving

3 〉 Different crystalline form of a solvated compound that differ in the identity and/or the stoichiometry of the solvating molecule.

-- pseudopolymorph

4 〉 Method by which powder particles are compressed into a large tablet, called a slug, which is subse- quently dry-screened and compressed into a tablet.

-- slugging

5 〉 Measure of the fraction of a given drug that is absorbed intact into the systemic circulation from a dosage form, relative to a recognized, clinically proven, standard dosage form of that drug.

-- relative bioavailability

6 〉 A fluid colloidal dispersion of a solid in a liquid. 

-- sol

7 〉 Dosage form, semi-solid, used for the administration of drugs via the rectal route, for systemic or local effect.

--

8 〉 Transition of a suspension of solid, usually colloid, particles in a liquid (sol) to an apparent solid, jelly- like material 

-- sol-gel transition

9 〉 Usually small, flat, and soft tablets, which are designed to be placed under the tongue to allow direct absorption of the active ingredient through the mucosa for systemic effect.

-- sublingual tablets

10 〉 Additives making a substance soluble or more soluble, especially in water.

-- solubilizing agents

11 〉 Destruction or removal of microorganisms in or about an object, e.g., by steam, chemical agents (alcohol, phenol, ethylene oxide gas), high-velocity electron bombardment, gamma or ultraviolet light radiation or filtration.

-- sterilization

12 〉 Crystalline form of a compound in which one or more solvent molecules are part of the crystal strucure. 

-- solvate

13 〉 Condition of being aseptic, or statistically free from living microorganisms and their spores.

-- sterility

14 〉 Process of making dense, spherical pellets by means of special spheronizing or pelletizing equipment.

-- spheronization

15 〉 Scaffold placed into narrowed, diseased vessels (mainly coronary arteries) or a device implanted in a vessel used to help keep it open. 

-- stent

This post contains some one liners of Pharmaceutics. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Pharmaceutics.

1 〉 Usually water or low-molecular-weight alcohols or compounds, used in topical applications and in wet granulation, for the production of tablets.

-- moistening agents

2 〉 Dosage form comprising several elements (e.g., microspheres or coated pellets) dif- fering in the rate of drug release.

-- multi compartment formulation

3 〉 Consists of several different layers that are compressed on top of each other, to form a single tablet composed of two or more layers.

-- multilayer tablet

4 〉 Device that disperses liquids to aerosols for therapeutic use by inhalation through a mask.

-- nebulizer

5 〉 Greasy, semi-solid preparation for external application, often anhydrous, containing dissolved or dispersed medicaments.

-- ointment

6 〉 Kinetic model, where the whole body is thought of as a single compartment in which a substance is dis- tributed rapidly, achieving an equilibrium between blood and tissue immediately.

-- one-compartment model

7 〉 Time required to achieve the minimum effective plasma concentration following administration of the dosage form.

-- onset of drug action

8 〉 Process of agglomeration that converts fine powders or granules of bulk drugs and excipients into small, free-flowing, spherical, or semi-spherical units, referred to as pellets.

-- pelletization

9 〉 Science of preparation of drugs, dosage forms, and drug delivery systems taking into account the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug as well as its physical and chemical properties.

-- pharmaceutics

10 〉 Solid material that exists at least in two different molecular arrangements, i.e., distinctly different crystal species.

-- polymorph

11 〉 Transition of a solid crystalline phase to another phase having the same chemical composition but a dif- ferent crystal structure.

-- polymorphic transition

12 〉 Existence of two or more different crystal structures for the same compound.

-- polymorphism

13 〉 Defined for powders used pharmaceutically, according to particle sizes. 

-- powder grades

14 〉 Dry solid material consisting of many, usually free flowing, fine particles.

-- powder

15 〉 Exploratory activity that begins early in pharmaceutics, involving studies designed to determine the compatibility of excipients with the active substance for a biopharmaceutical; physicochemical and bioanalytical investigation  

-- preformulation

This post contains some one liners of Pharmaceutics. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Pharmaceutics.

1 〉 Insertion or grafting of a biological, living, inert, or radioactive material into the body.

-- implantation

4 〉 Emulsions in which the dispersed droplets are in the micron-size range. 

-- microemulsions

6 〉 Formation of microparticles encapsulating a drug.

-- microencapsulation

8 〉 A Solid spherical particles of micron-size range, used as matrix dosage forms.

-- microsphere

2 〉 Specific case of drug embedding in insoluble excipients (typically in a polymer) in order to achieve extended release.

-- matrix formulation

3 〉 Small sterile usually polymeric matrices, pellets, or particles for insertion or implanting into the body by surgical means or by injection to help achieve sustained release.

-- implants

5 〉 Number that expresses the reduction in the numbers of a microorganism, brought about by a sterilizaion process.

-- inactivation factor (IF)

7 〉 Reversible formation of association colloids from surfactants in nonpolar solvents leads to aggregates termed inverted (or inverse, reverse, or reversed) micelles.

-- inverted micelle

9 〉 Artificial spherical lipid bilayer droplet formed mainly from phospholipids having a core of water phase, small enough to form a relatively stable dispersion in aqueous media and with potential use in drug delivery. 

-- liposome

10 〉 Concentration of a drug that must be achieved in the plasma before any desired therapeutic or pharmacological effect can be obtained.

-- minimum effective plasma concentration

11 〉 Initial, typically larger than the maintenance dose of a drug given to a patient at the start of pharmacotherapy.

-- loading dose

14 〉 Release of a drug from a dosage form that it is not immediate

-- modified release

12 〉 Lowest concentration of an antibacterial drug necessary to inhibit the growth of a microorganism.

-- minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 

13 〉 Tablet, which does not contain a disintegrant and which is sucked to dissolve in the mouth to produce either a local (e.g., antiseptic) or systemic (e.g., vitamins) effect.

-- lozenge

15 〉 Used as processing aid in tablet and capsule manufacturing, to facilitate the movement of the formulation into the dye and punch and to reduce the energy of compression.

-- lubricant

This post contains some one liners of Pharmaceutics. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Pharmaceutics.

1 〉 The process of separating the lighter particles of a powder from the heavier ones by means of an up- ward-directed stream of fluid (gas or liquid). 

-- elutriation

2 〉 Technological process, which consists of mixing or inclusion of the therapeutic substance with an excipient or their mixtures,

-- embedding

3 〉 Process of enclosing a drug in a (micro or nano) particle (capsule, liposome, polymer).

-- encapsulation

4 〉 Non-fluid colloidal network or polymer network that is expanded throughout its whole volume by a fluid. 

-- gel

5 〉 Solutions (aqueous or oily), emulsions, or suspensions for rectal administration of medicaments for cleansing, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes.

-- enemas

6 〉 Used on tablets, granules, pellets, and capsules to make them resistant to gastric fluids but designed to disintegrate, disrupt, or dissolve when the preparation enters the duodenum.

-- enteric coating

7 〉 Use of products containing genetic material (e.g., pDNA, antisense DNA, si RNA) to treat a disease or condition, or to modify or manipulate the expression of genetic material or to alter the biological properties of living cells.

-- gene therapy

8 〉 Summary of operations carried out to convert a pharmacologically active compound into a dosage form suitable for administration. 

-- formulation

9 〉 Powder particles, which have been aggregated to form larger irregular particles, usually of 0.5–2 mm diameter.

-- granules

10 〉 The Process of contact and adhesion whereby particles in dispersion form larger-size clusters.

-- flocculation

11 〉 Process in which powder particles are made to aggregate to larger particles called granules. 

-- granulation

12 〉 An aqueous solution used for the prevention and treatment of mouth and throat infections.

-- gargle

13 〉 Pace at which a drug along with the stomach content leaves and enters the duodenum.

-- gastric emptying rate

14 〉 Time required for the concentration of a reactant in a given reaction to reach a value that is the arith- metic mean of its initial and final (equilibrium) values.

-- half life 

15 〉 Crystalline form of a compound in which water molecules are part of the crystal structure.

-- hydrate

This post contains some one liners of Pharmaceutics. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Pharmaceutics.

1 〉 An Obstacle such as coating or embedding, which acts as a factor controlling the rate of drug release.

-- diffusion barrier

2 〉 Name a stage in the drying of solids, above which the drying rate is linear, at which the drying rate ceases to be linear, until it reaches the equilibrium moisture content. 

-- critical moisture content

3 〉 Formulation in which individual doses of a granulated dosage form are separated

-- divided granule

4 〉 Type of comparative bioavailability study designed in such a way as to take into account differences in bioavailability arising from differences between patients suffering from disease

-- crossover study

5 〉 Powder formulation in which individual doses of a powdered dosage form are separately wrapped

-- divided powder

6 〉 Name term that describes a solid of regular shape and the presence of three-dimensional order on the level of atomic dimensions, for a given molecule.

-- crystalline

7 〉 A Formulated preparation of molecules/drugs that are rarely if ever suitable for administration to patients without additives. 

-- dosage form

8 〉 Dosage form in which the active ingredient is insoluble in the carrier; includes aerosols, suspensions, emulsions , and foams

-- disperse system

9 〉 A Biologically active substance, which when biodistributed in the body is expected to modify one or more of its functions.

-- drug

10 〉 Solid preparation that on contact with water breaks apart by the effect of gas evolution, resulting commonly from the reaction of hydrogen carbonate with citric or tartaric acid, in order to facilitate dissolution or dispersion of the active ingredient before ingestion.

-- effervescent tablet

11 〉 Opposite of deliquescence; the drying of a salt solution when the vapour pressure of water in the saturated solution of a substance is greater than the partial pressure of water in the ambient air.

-- efflorescence

12 〉 Name a technological process, which consists of mixing or inclusion of the therapeutic substance with an excipient or their mixtures, typically as a matrix dosage form, in order to change the rate of release.

-- embedding

13 〉 Sweet (often colored) dilute alcohol-based, “hydroalcoholic”, liquid used in the compounding of drugs to be taken by mouth in order to improve palatability.

-- elixir

14 〉 The process of separating the lighter particles of a powder from the heavier ones by means of an upward-directed stream of fluid 

-- elutriation

15 〉 Name a substance that loses water to form a lower hydrate or becomes anhydrous spontaneously.

-- efflorescent

This post contains some one liners of Pharmaceutics. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Pharmaceutics.

1 〉 Small edible package made usually from gelatin or other materials that can be filled with drugs (solids or liquids) to produce a unit dose, mainly for oral use.

-- capsule

2 〉 Transfer of a drug across a membrane by a transporter (often a protein) constituent of the cytosol membrane.

-- carrier-mediated drug transport

3 〉 Reversal of coagulation or flocculation, i.e., the dispersion of aggregates to form a stable colloidal suspension or emulsion. 

-- deflocculation

4 〉 Separation of colloidal systems into two liquid phases.

-- coacervation

5 〉 A Pharmaceutical preparation that releases the drug(s) at a time other than promptly after administration.

--

6 〉 Close, tight aggregation of colloid particles, emulsion droplets, suspension particles, which are difficult to redisperse.

-- coagulation

7 〉 Process that occurs when the vapor pressure of the saturated aqueous solution of a substance is less than the vapor pressure of water in the ambient air.

-- deliquescence

8 〉 Technological process consisting of the application of a substance, which forms a layer e.g, to protect the drug

-- coating

9 〉 A Substance that absorbs sufficient moisture from the atmosphere to dissolve itself.

-- deliquescent

10 〉 A solid dosage form prepared to a desired shape, usually in large-scale production, by means of high pressure in a punch and die.

-- compressed tablet

11 〉 The deposit of a drug in a body created by injection or by a similar mode of introduction to form a source of slow release.

-- depot

12 〉 Vehicle often ethanol used in combination to increase the solubility of drugs.

-- cosolvent

13 〉 Surfactant (or a mixture containing one or more surfactants) having cleaning properties in dilute solutions

-- detergent

14 〉 Name a property, which serves as basis for the process whereby surfactants are used for the removal of foreign matter from surfaces (including dirt from clothes or body surfaces). 

-- detergency

15 〉 The Threshold detergent concentration at which micelle formation begins in the bulk phase is called

-- critical micelle concentration (cmc)

This post contains some one liners of Pharmaceutics. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Pharmaceutics.

1 〉 Adherence of particles into a larger mass due to moisture, static charge, or chemical or mechanical binding

-- agglomeration

2 〉 Accumulation or collection of particles into larger units.

-- aggregation

3 〉 Solid substances that are not crystals. These solids consist of randomly oriented molecules. Solids without definite shape consist of randomly oriented molecules.

-- amorphous

4 〉 Molecules that contain groups with characteristically different properties, e.g., both hydrophilic and lipophilic (hydrophobic) properties.

-- amphiphilic

5 〉 Characteristic angle of slope formed with the horizontal by the side of a static conical mound of powder.

-- angle of repose

6 〉 Process by which food is rendered free from pathogenic, toxigenic, and spoilage organisms.

-- appertization

7 〉 Substance that acts as adhesives to bind together powders for making tablets (direct tableting) or granules (granulation) that are mainly used in tableting.

-- binder

8 〉 Procedure for estimating the concentration or biological activity of a substance by measuring its effect on a living system compared to a standard system

-- bioassay

9 〉 Relative amount of the administered dose of a drug that reaches systemic circulation from a certain dosage form in comparison to the amount that reaches the systemic circulation by iv administration

-- bioavailability

10 〉 Relationship between two preparations of the same drug in the same dosage form that have a similar bioavailability.

-- bioequivalence

11 〉 For a substance, the time required for the amount of a drug or a substance in a biological system to be reduced to one-half of its value by biological processes when the rate of removal is approximately exponential.

-- biological half life

12 〉 Virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, or analogous product applicable to the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases or injuries in humans and/or animals.

-- biological product

13 〉 A Characteristic of a powder rather than of individual particles given by the mass of powder occupying a known volume

--

14 〉 Technique that uses living organisms to make or modify products, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses

-- biotechnology

15 〉 Usually a small, flat, and soft tablet, which is designed to be placed inside the cheek to be directly absorbed through the mucosa for systemic effect.

-- buccal tablet

This post contains some one liners of Microbiology. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Microbiology.

1 〉 An infection of the external ear canal, most commonly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; often called swimmer’s ear

-- otitis externa

2 〉 A compound released from a natural killer cell that creates pores in the target cell through which other toxins (particularly granzymes) can gain access to the cytoplasm

-- perforin

3 〉 Test in which antigen and antisera are added to neighboring wells in an agar gel, allowing visualization of precipitin arcs

-- Ouchterlony assay

4 〉 Fourth stage of disease, during which the number of pathogens present in the host decreases, along with signs and symptoms of disease

-- period of decline

5 〉 The chemical reaction that removes electrons (often as part of H atoms) from donor molecules, leaving them oxidized

-- oxidation reaction

6 〉 The third stage of acute disease, during which the number of pathogens present in the host is greatest and the signs and symptoms of disease are most severe

-- period of illness

7 〉 The mechanism for making ATP that uses the potential energy stored within an electrochemical gradient to add Pi to ADP

-- oxidative phosphorylation

8 〉 A condition in which the gums are inflamed and may erode

-- periodontal disease

9 〉 A highly infectious zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii that farmers can contract from their animals by inhalation

-- Q fever

10 〉 The inflammation of the gums that is more severe than gingivitis, spreading deeper into the tissues

-- periodontitis

11 〉 The isolation of an individual for the purpose of preventing the spread of disease

-- quarantine

12 〉 The network of neurons that connects the CNS with organs, sensory organs, and muscles throughout the body

-- peripheral nervous system

13 〉 Structure of protein complexes formed by the combination of several separate polypeptides or subunits

-- quaternary structure

14 〉 The mechanism by which regulatory T cells inhibit self-reactive immune responses in T cells that have already exited the thymus

-- peripheral tolerance

15 〉 Class of antiprotozoan drugs long used for the treatment of malaria; interferes with heme detoxification

-- quinolines

This post contains some one liners of Microbiology. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Microbiology.

1 〉 The space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane, primarily in gram-negative bacteria

-- periplasmic space

2 〉 Name the plasmid containing genes encoding proteins that make a bacterial cell resistant to one or more antibiotics

-- R plasmid

3 〉 Muscular contractions of the gastrointestinal tract that propel ingested material through the stomach,

-- peristalsis

4 〉 A protein complex in a photosystem, containing a pigment molecule that can undergo oxidation upon excitation by a light-harvesting pigment

-- reaction center

5 〉 Having numerous flagella covering the entire surface of a bacterial cell is known as

-- peritrichous

6 〉 An unstable and toxic ions and molecules derived from partial reduction of oxygen

-- reactive oxygen species (ROS)

7 〉 Name a membrane-bound organelle (not part of the endomembrane system) that produces hydrogen peroxide to break down various types of molecules;

-- peroxisome

8 〉 A a variant of PCR involving the use of fluorescence to allow for the monitoring of the increase in double-stranded template during a PCR reaction as it occurs

-- real-time PCR

9 〉 A type of strong oxidizing agent that causes free radical formation in cells; can be used as a disinfectant or antiseptic

-- peroxygen

10 〉 A type of endocytosis in which extracellular ligands are targeted to specific cells through their binding to specific cell surface receptors

-- receptor-mediated endocytosis

11 〉 Name a dormant cell that survives in the death phase and is resistant to most antibiotics

-- persister

12 〉 A a DNA molecule resulting from the cutting and insertion of DNA from one organism into the DNA of another organism, resulting in a new combination of genetic material

-- recombinant DNA molecule

13 〉 Small red or purple spots on the skin that result from blood leaking out of damaged vessels

-- petechiae

14 〉 The process by which DNA from one organism is cut and new pieces of foreign DNA from a second organism are inserted,

-- recombinant DNA technology

15 〉 The tendency for a molecule to acquire electrons and become reduced

-- redox potential

This post contains some one liners of Microbiology. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Microbiology.

1 〉 On a light microscope, the lenses closest to the specimen, typically located at the ends of turrets is called as

-- objective lenses

4 〉 An adaptive immune defenses received from another individual or animal

-- passive immunity

5 〉 A a special objective lens on a microscope designed to be used with immersion oil to improve resolution

-- oil immersion lens

6 〉 An individual capable of transmitting a pathogen to another individual without becoming infected

-- passive carrier

7 〉 The short fragment of DNA made during lagging strand synthesis

-- Okazaki fragment

8 〉 Name the most serious stage of pertussis (whooping cough), characterized by severe and prolonged coughing spells

-- paroxysmal stage

9 〉 DNA sequence located between the promoter region and the first coding gene to which a repressor protein can bind

-- operator

10 〉 The means of entry by a pathogen through skin or mucous membranes when these barriers are breached

-- parenteral route

11 〉 Name the type of symbiosis in which one population benefits while harming the other parasitology the study of parasites

-- parasitism

13 〉 This refers to a cytokine signal released from a cell to a receptor on a nearby cell

-- paracrine function

14 〉 Inflammation of the conjunctiva in newborns caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted during childbirth

-- ophthalmia neonatorum

15 〉 Growth on the skin associated with infection by any of the human papilloma viruses (HPV); commonly known as a wart

-- papilloma

2 〉 A form of microbial control using heat that is applied to foods; kills pathogens and reduces the number of spoilage-causing microbes while maintaining food quality

-- pasteurization

3 〉 Microorganism that cannot synthesize its own ATP and, therefore, must rely on a host cell for energy; behaves like a parasite when inside a host cell,

-- obligate intracellular pathogen

12 〉 A group of genes with related functions often found clustered together within the prokaryotic chromosome and transcribed under the control of a single promoter and operator repression sequence

-- operon

This post contains some one liners of Microbiology. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Microbiology.

1 〉 A type of inclusion containing volutin, a polymerized inorganic phosphate that appears red when stained with methylene blue

-- metachromatic granule

2 〉 A virus composed of a nucleic acid core, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a capsid

-- naked virus

3 〉 The the sequencing of genomic fragments from microbial communities, allowing researchers to study genes from a collection of multiple species

-- metagenomics

4 〉 The science of studying a collection of mRNA molecules produced from microbial communities

-- metatranscriptomics

5 〉 The member of the quinolone family that functions by inhibiting the activity of DNA gyrase, blocking DNA replication

-- nalidixic acid

6 〉 An antibacterial and antiprotozoan drug of the nitroimidazole class that is activated in anaerobic target cell and introduces DNA strand breakage, thus interfering with DNA replication in target cells

-- metronidazole

7 〉 A part of the upper throat (pharynx) extending from the posterior nasal cavity; carries air inhaled through the nose

-- nasopharynx

8 〉 Glycoprotein expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells and involved in the presentation of normal “self” antigens and foreign antigens from intracellular pathogens

-- MHC I molecule

9 〉 A three-dimensional structure of folded fully functional proteins

-- native structure

10 〉 A glycoprotein expressed only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and involved in the presentation of foreign antigens from pathogens ingested by phagocytosis

-- MHC II molecule

11 〉 A lymphoid cells that recognize and destroy abnormal target cells by inducing apoptosis

-- natural killer cells (NK cells)

12 〉 A simple spherical arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules with nonpolar tails aggregated within the interior and polar heads forming the outer surface

-- micelle

13 〉 A a stain that produces colour around the structure of interest while not coloring the structure itself

-- negative stain

14 〉 An organism that requires oxygen at levels lower than atmospheric concentration

-- microaerophile

15 〉 A herpes infection of the newborn, generally caused by infection during birth

-- neonatal herpes

This post contains some one liners of Microbiology. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Microbiology.

1 〉 Naturally produced protein synthesis inhibitor of the lincosamide class that binds to the 50S subunit, inhibiting peptide bond formation

-- lincomycin

2 〉 Antihelminthic drug of the benzimidazole class that binds to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation

-- mebendazole

3 〉 Name class of protein synthesis inhibitors that are similar to macrolides

-- lincosamides

4 〉 An animal that transfers a pathogen from one host to another or from a reservoir to a host without being infected by the pathogen itself

-- mechanical vector

5 〉 Lipid molecules with attached sugars that are found as components of gram-negative outer membranes

-- lipopolysaccharide

6 〉 A ring structure formed from complement proteins C6 through C9 that penetrates the membranes of a targeted cell, causing cell lysis and death

-- membrane attack complex (MAC)

7 〉 The interval of growth when cells divide exponentially; also known as the exponential growth phase

-- log phase

8 〉 A known volumes are vacuum filtered aseptically through a membrane with a pore size small enough to trap microorganisms, which are counted after growth on plates

-- membrane filtration technique

9 〉 Name the bean-shaped organs situated throughout the body that contain areas called germinal centers, which are rich in B and T lymphocytes

-- lymph nodes

10 〉 Name a toxin that affects cell membrane function by either forming pores or disrupting the phospholipid bilayer

-- membrane-disrupting toxin

11 〉 Name the process in which rapid freezing, followed by placement under a vacuum, of a material so that water is lost by sublimation, thereby inhibiting microbial growth

-- lyophilization

12 〉 An activated and differentiated B cell that is programmed to respond to secondary exposures to a specific antigen

-- memory B cell

13 〉 Name an organelle of the endomembrane system that contains digestive enzymes that break down engulfed material such as foodstuffs, infectious particles, or damaged cellular components

-- lysosome

14 〉 It is the ability of the specific adaptive immune system to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed

-- memory

15 〉 Name an inflammatory response that involves both the brain and the membranes that surround it

-- meningoencephalitis

This post contains some one liners of Microbiology. These will help you to strengthen your basics in Microbiology.

1 〉 Yellowish color of the skin and mucous membranes caused by excessive bilirubin caused by a failure of the liver to effectively process the breakdown of hemoglobin

-- jaundice

2 〉 Name a method of acid-fast staining that does not use heat to infuse the primary stain, carbolfuchsin, into acid-fast cells

-- Kinyoun technique

3 〉 An interval before exponential growth of a microbial population during which cells adjust to a new environment

-- lag phase

4 〉 Region of the respiratory tract containing the vocal cords; also referred to as the voice box

-- larynx

5 〉 A rare form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy endemic to Papua New Guinea

-- kuru

6 〉 A polymer assembled from of individual units, monomers, that bind together like building blocks

-- macromolecule

7 〉 Lipid-based chemical mediators produced by leukocytes and other tissue cells; promote inflammation and allergic responses

-- leukotrienes

8 〉 White blood cells of various types, including granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes

-- leukocytes

9 〉 Larger nucleus in ciliate protists that have two nuclei; polyploid with a reduced genome of metabolic genes and derived from the micronucleus

-- macronucleus

10 〉 Repair of the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, making the DNA molecule continuous

-- ligation

11 〉 The power of a microscope (or lens) to produce an image that appears larger than the actual specimen, expressed as a factor of the actual size

-- magnification

12 〉 The granulocytes similar in origin and function to basophils, but residing in tissues

-- mast cells

13 〉 The shorter identical peptide chains of an antibody molecule (two per antibody monomer), composed of variable and constant region segments

-- light chains

14 〉 Assembly of viral components to produce a functional virus

-- maturation

15 〉 Process by which energy from sunlight is absorbed by pigment molecules in photosynthetic membranes and converted into stored chemical energy in the forms of ATP and NADPH

-- light-dependent reaction

Microbiology is a key subject for pharmacy students to learn because it provides them with an understanding of the microorganisms that cause infections and how to prevent and treat them. With the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, it's more important than ever for pharmacy students to have a solid foundation in microbiology. In this post, we'll highlight some of the most important one-liners from microbiology that pharmacy students should know.

Instructions:

Read through the one-liners carefully to understand the key concepts.

Take notes on any unfamiliar terms or concepts.

Use the information to deepen your understanding of microbiology and its relevance to pharmacy practice.

Consider how the knowledge gained from these one-liners can inform your future practice as a pharmacist.

Share this post with your classmates or colleagues who may benefit from this information.

1 〉 Name a group of common sexually transmitted viruses that may be associated with genital warts or with cervical cancer

-- human papillomavirus (HPV)

2 〉 Name adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells

-- humoral immunity

3 〉 Name the stage of replication during which various proteins bind to the origin of replication to begin the replication process

-- initiation of DNA replication

4 〉 Name the stage of transcription during which RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and transcription begins

-- initiation of transcription

5 〉 Name a microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature close to the temperature of boiling water

-- hyperthermophile

6 〉 Name the type of mutation involving the addition of one or more bases into a DNA sequence

-- insertion

7 〉 Name the term that refers to a nonpolar molecule or portion of a molecule not capable of strong attraction to water molecules

-- hydrophobic

8 〉 Name the antiviral drugs that block the activity of the HIV integrase responsible for recombination of a DNA copy of the viral genome into the host cell chromosome

-- integrase inhibitors

9 〉 Name the molecule that slides between the stacked nitrogenous bases of the DNA double helix, potentially resulting in a frameshift mutation

-- intercalating agent

10 〉 Name the term that refers to a polar molecule or portion of a molecule capable of strong attraction to water molecules

-- hydrophilic

11 〉 The distortion of a light wave due to interaction with another wave

-- interference

12 〉 Cytokines released by cells that have been infected with a virus; stimulate antiviral responses in nearby cells as well as the cells secreting the interferons

-- interferons

13 〉 The clones of cell produced by fusing a normal B cell with a myeloma cell that is capable of producing monoclonal antibodies indefinitely

-- hybridoma

14 〉 Cytokines largely produced by immune system cells that help coordinate efforts against invading pathogens

-- interleukins

15 〉 Name the enzyme produced by pathogens that degrades hyaluronic acid between adjacent cells in connective tissue

-- hyaluronidase

In this post, we will share some important one-liners from microbiology that are relevant to pharmacy students. These one-liners will help students to understand the basics of microbiology, the types of microorganisms, the role of antibiotics, the importance of sterilization and disinfection, the common types of infections, and the emerging issue of antibiotic resistance. By the end of this post, students should have a better understanding of key microbiology concepts that are relevant to their studies in pharmacy.

Introduction:

Microbiology is a fundamental branch of science that deals with the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. As a pharmacy student, it is essential to have a solid understanding of microbiology, as many drugs are designed to target specific microorganisms. This post aims to provide pharmacy students with a concise summary of important one-liners from microbiology that are relevant to their studies. These one-liners cover topics such as the types of microorganisms, the role of antibiotics, the importance of sterilization and disinfection, the common types of infections, and the emerging issue of antibiotic resistance. By reading and understanding these one-liners, pharmacy students will have a better understanding of the basic concepts of microbiology and how they relate to pharmacy practice.

1 〉 Name the process producing a mixture of lactic acid, ethanol and/or acetic acid, and CO2 as fermentation products

-- heterolactic fermentation

2 〉 Name the organism that uses fixed organic carbon compounds as its carbon source

-- heterotroph

3 〉 Name the bacteria that have more than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides in their DNA

-- high G+C gram-positive bacteria

4 〉 Which bond is formed between the negatively charged phosphate groups that holds a lot of potential energy

-- high-energy phosphate bond

5 〉 Name the large group of antigens bound by antibodies; large enough to settle out of fluid suspension

-- immune complex

6 〉 A staining technique in which cells are fixed and holes dissolved in the membrane to allow passage of labeled antibodies to bind specific intracellular targets

-- immunocytochemistry (ICC)

7 〉 Name the enzyme that bound with a cofactor or coenzyme

-- holoenzyme

8 〉 Technique in which antibody or antigen can be concentrated by passing fluids through porous membranes, and target molecules are captured as they pass

-- immunofiltration

9 〉 Fungal disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum

-- histoplasmosis

10 〉 A technique that uses a fluorescence microscope and antibody-specific fluorochromes to determine the presence of specific pathogens in a specimen

-- immunofluorescence

11 〉 A staining technique in which labeled antibodies are bound to specific cells in a tissue section

-- immunohistochemistry (IHC)

12 〉 DNA-binding proteins found in eukaryotes and archaea that aid in orderly packaging of chromosomal DNA

-- histones

13 〉 The study of the immune system

-- immunology

14 〉 Outside the organism in a test tube or artificial environment is known as

-- in vitro

15 〉 Proinflammatory molecule released by basophils and mast cells in response to stimulation by other cytokines and chemical mediators

-- histamine

16 〉 This refers to protozoans that consume food particles through phagoctytosis

-- holozoic

17 〉 Name the process producing only lactic acid as a fermentation product

-- homolactic fermentation

18 〉 Vaccine composed of whole pathogen cells or viruses that have been killed or inactivated through treatment with heat, radiation, or chemicals

-- inactivated vaccine

19 〉 Name the retrovirus responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans

-- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

20 〉 The number of individuals with new infections of a particular disease in a given period of time is called

-- incidence

21 〉 Movement of a pathogen from one host to another population through physical contact or through droplet transmission

-- horizontal direct transmission

22 〉 Inflammation of the conjunctiva in newborns caused by Chlamydia trachomatis transmitted during childbirth is

-- inclusion conjunctivitis

23 〉 Name the prokaryotic cell cytoplasmic structures for storing specific nutrients and other resources needed by cells

-- inclusions

24 〉 Introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation

-- horizontal gene transfer

25 〉 The first stage of acute disease, during which the pathogen begins multiplying in the host and signs and symptoms are not observable

-- incubation period

26 〉 The successful colonization of a microorganism within a host is called as

-- infection

27 〉 Name the types of host cells that a particular virus is able to infect

-- host range

28 〉 Highly contagious and acute viral disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus

-- influenza

29 〉 Serious infection caused by Trypanosoma brucei and spread by the bite of the tsetse fly

-- human African trypanosomiasis

30 〉 Proteins that participate in ribosome assembly during initiation

-- initiation factors

31 〉 A group of common sexually transmitted viruses that may be associated with genital warts or with cervical cancer

-- human papillomavirus (HPV)

32 〉 Name the adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells

-- humoral immunity

33 〉 Name the enzyme produced by pathogens that degrades hyaluronic acid between adjacent cells in connective tissue

-- hyaluronidase

34 〉 The stage of replication during which various proteins bind to the origin of replication to begin the replication process

-- initiation of DNA replication

35 〉 The stage of transcription during which RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and transcription begins

-- initiation of transcription

36 〉 The the joining of two complementary single-stranded DNA molecules

-- hybridization

37 〉 Small number of cells added to medium to start a culture is commonly called

-- inoculum

38 〉 Type of mutation involving the addition of one or more bases into a DNA sequence

-- insertion

39 〉 The clones of cell produced by fusing a normal B cell with a myeloma cell that is capable of producing monoclonal antibodies indefinitely

-- hybridoma

40 〉 Distortion of a light wave due to interaction with another wave

-- interference

41 〉 Refers to a polar molecule or portion of a molecule capable of strong attraction to water molecules

-- hydrophilic

42 〉 Cytokines largely produced by immune system cells that help coordinate efforts against invading pathogens

-- interleukins

43 〉 Refers to a nonpolar molecule or portion of a molecule not capable of strong attraction to water molecules

-- hydrophobic

44 〉 A host in which a parasite goes through some stages of its life cycle before migrating to the definitive host

-- intermediate host

45 〉 Potentially damaging immune response against an antigen is called

-- hypersensitivity

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Understanding the basic principles of microbiology is crucial for pharmacy students as they are responsible for dispensing antibiotics and other medications that treat infections caused by microorganisms. In this post, we will provide some important one-liners from microbiology that pharmacy students should be aware of.

Instruction:

As a pharmacy student, it is important to have a basic understanding of microbiology to effectively treat patients with infectious diseases. In this post, we have provided some important one-liners that cover the key concepts of microbiology. We encourage you to review and memorize these one-liners to strengthen your understanding of microbiology and improve your ability to treat infections caused by microorganisms.

1 〉 Name the formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

-- hematopoiesis

2 〉 What is the name of the condition in which there is blood in the urine

-- hematuria

3 〉 A condition in which a disease caused by or acquired during a medical procedure

-- iatrogenic disease

4 〉 Name the antibody dimer primarily found in breast milk, mucus, saliva, and tears

-- IgA

5 〉 Memberane-body antibody monomer functioning as receptor on the surface of B cells

-- IgD

6 〉 Name the inflammation of the mouth and gums that is often caused by the HSV-1 virus

-- herpetic gingivostomatitis

7 〉 Antibody monomer involved in defense against parasites and allergic reactions

-- IgE

8 〉 Antibody monomer most abundant in serum; able to cross placenta

-- IgG

9 〉 What is the name of the eye infection caused by herpes simplex virus

-- herpes keratitis

10 〉 Name the class of antifungal drugs that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis

-- imidazoles

11 〉 Name the point at which an image is in focus

-- image point (focus)

12 〉 Inflammation of the liver is known as

-- hepatitis

13 〉 What is the the light source on a microscope is known as

-- illuminator

14 〉 Antibody that is a monomer when functioning as a receptor on surface of B cells but a pentamer when secreted in response to specific pathogens;

-- IgM

15 〉 Name the class of exotoxin that targets and lyses red blood cells, as well as other cells

-- hemolysin

In this post, we will share some important one-liners from microbiology that are relevant to pharmacy students. These one-liners will help students to understand the basics of microbiology, the types of microorganisms, the role of antibiotics, the importance of sterilization and disinfection, the common types of infections, and the emerging issue of antibiotic resistance. By the end of this post, students should have a better understanding of key microbiology concepts that are relevant to their studies in pharmacy.

Introduction:

Microbiology is a fundamental branch of science that deals with the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. As a pharmacy student, it is essential to have a solid understanding of microbiology, as many drugs are designed to target specific microorganisms. This post aims to provide pharmacy students with a concise summary of important one-liners from microbiology that are relevant to their studies. These one-liners cover topics such as the types of microorganisms, the role of antibiotics, the importance of sterilization and disinfection, the common types of infections, and the emerging issue of antibiotic resistance. By reading and understanding these one-liners, pharmacy students will have a better understanding of the basic concepts of microbiology and how they relate to pharmacy practice.

1 〉 Name the molecule that is too small to be antigenic alone but becomes antigenic when conjugated to a larger protein molecule

-- hapten

2 〉 Name the painless ulcer that develops at the site of infection in primary syphilis

-- hard chancre

3 〉 Name hypothyroidism caused by an autoimmune disease affecting thyroid function

-- Hashimoto thyroiditis

4 〉 Leukocytes found in the peripheral blood that are characterized by numerous granules

-- granulocytes

5 〉 A common STI of the reproductive system caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

-- Gonorrheao

6 〉 Name the longest identical peptide chains in antibody molecules (two per antibody monomer) that composed of variable and constant region segments

-- heavy chains

7 〉 Bonds forms between the hydroxyl groups of two sugar molecules

-- glycosidic bond

8 〉 Class of antibacterials that inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding to peptidoglycan subunits and blocking their insertion into the cell wall

-- glycopeptides

9 〉 Name the conjugated protein with a carbohydrate attached

-- glycoprotein

10 〉 Name the enzyme that unwinds DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs, using ATP

-- helicase

11 〉 Name the complex lipid that contains a carbohydrate moiety

-- glycolipid

12 〉 A type of kidney infection involving the glomeruli of the nephrons

-- glomerulonephritis

13 〉 Name the class of T cells that is the central orchestrator of the cellular and humoral defenses of adaptive immunity and the cellular defenses of innate immunity

-- helper T cells

14 〉 Name the graph modeling the number of cells in a culture over time

-- growth curve

15 〉 Visible clumping of red blood cells that can be caused by some viruses, bacteria, and certain diseases in which antibodies

-- hemagglutination

This post contains 20 one liners of Microbiology. These one liners will help you to strengthen your basics.

1 〉 Name the antiviral drug that blocks the fusion of HIV receptors to the coreceptors required for virus entry into the cell

-- fusion inhibitor

2 〉 Name the study that compares entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization

-- Genomics

3 〉 Inflammation of the gums that can cause bleeding is known as

-- Gingivitis

4 〉 Name the cells that can assists in the organization of neurons, provides a scaffold for some aspects of neuron function, and aids in recovery from neural injury

-- glial cell

5 〉 Name the type of kidney infection involving the glomeruli of the nephrons

-- glomerulonephritis

6 〉 Name the capillary bed in the nephron of the kidney that filters blood to form urine

-- glomerulus

7 〉 Name the cell envelope structure outside the cell wall in some bacteria that allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces,

-- glycocalyx

8 〉 Name the highly branched storage polysaccharide that is found animal cells and bacteria

-- glycogen

9 〉 Name the class of antibacterials that inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding to peptidoglycan subunits and blocking their insertion into the cell wall backbone.

-- glycopeptides

10 〉 Name the bond that forms between the hydroxyl groups of two sugar molecules

-- glycosidic bond

11 〉 Name a common STI of the reproductive system caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

-- gonorrhea

12 〉 Name a differential staining technique that distinguishes bacteria based upon their cell wall structure

-- Gram stain procedure

13 〉 Name leukocytes found in the peripheral blood that are characterized by numerous granules in the cytoplasm

-- granulocytes

14 〉 Name proteases released from a natural killer cell that enter the cytoplasm of a target cell, inducing apoptosis

-- granzymes

15 〉 Name the hyperthyroidism caused by an autoimmune disease affecting thyroid function

-- Graves disease

16 〉 Name the structure embedded in the dermis from which hair grows

-- hair follicle

17 〉 Name the organism that depends on high concentrations of salt in the environment to grow

-- halophile

18 〉 Name the organism that grows in the presence of high salt concentration but does not require it

-- halotolerant

19 〉 Name the chronic bacterial infection of peripheral nervous tissues caused by the acid-fast bacterium,

-- Hansen’s Disease

20 〉 One copy of each chromosome is known as

-- Haploid

This post includes important one-liner questions from the chapter Mineral Metabolism of biochemistry. This post summarises the chapter in short.

1 〉 The normal concentration of serum calcium

-- 9–11 mg/dl. (4.5–5.5 mEq./l.)

2 〉 The vitamin derived hormone that regulates calcium homeostasis

-- Calcitriol

3 〉 The inorganic element found in the structure of majority of high-energy compounds

-- Phosphorus

4 〉 Several kinase enzymes require the mineral cofactor

-- Magnesium

5 〉 The principal cation of extracellular fluid

-- Sodium

6 〉 The normal concentration of serum potassium

-- 3.5–5.0 mEq/l,

7 〉 Iron is transported in the plasma in a bound form to a protein

-- Transferrin,

8 〉 The copper containing protein involved for the conversion of ferrous iron (Fe2+) to ferric iron (Fe3+) in the plasma

-- Ceruloplasmin

9 〉 The zinc containing protein in the saliva involved in taste sensation

-- Gusten

10 〉 The element involved in the protection of cells against the damage of H2O2 and other free radicals

-- Selenium

11 〉 Substance(s) is(are) involved in the regulation of plasma calcium level

-- Calcitriol , Parathyroid hormone, Calcitonin

12 〉 Sulfur containing essential amino acid

-- Methionine

13 〉 Iron in the mucosal cells binds with the protein

-- Ferritin

14 〉 Element involved in wound healing

-- Zinc

15 〉 Element that prevents the development of dental caries

-- Fluorine

This post includes important one-liners from chapter Metabolism of Nucleotides of Biochemistry. This describes the chapter in short.

1 〉 The amino acids required for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines are

-- Glutamine and aspartate

2 〉 The enzyme xanthine oxidase is inhibited by

-- Allopurinol

3 〉 Tophi are mostly made up of

-- Sodium urate

4 〉 Hypouricemia is due to the deficiency of the enzyme

-- Xanthine oxidase

5 〉 The disorder in which the patients have an irresistible urge to bite their fingers and lips is

-- Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

6 〉 The cofactor required by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase is

-- Thioredoxin

7 〉 The ‘parent’ nucleotide synthesized in the biosynthesis of purines is

-- Inosine monophosphate

8 〉 Xanthine oxidase converts allopurinol to

-- Alloxanthine

9 〉 The amino acid that contributes to the synthesis of more than half of the pyrimidine ring

-- Aspartate

10 〉 The regulatory enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthesis in animals is

-- Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

11 〉 Name the enzyme associated with hyperuricemia

-- PRPP synthetase, HGPRT , Glucose 6-phosphatase

12 〉 An enzyme of purine metabolism associated with immunodeficiency disease

-- Adenosine deaminase

13 〉 Orotic aciduria can be treated by a diet rich in

-- Uridine

14 〉 The end product of purine metabolism in humans is

-- Uric acid

15 〉 The nitrogen atoms in the purine ring are obtained from

-- Glycine , Glutamine , Aspartate

This post includes important oneliners from chapter METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS of Biochemistry. This post describes the chapter in short.

1 〉 The coenzyme that participates in transamination reactions is

-- Pyridoxal phosphate

2 〉 The most important enzyme involved in oxidative deamination is

-- Glutamate dehydrogenase

3 〉 N-Acetylglutamate is required for the activation of the enzyme

-- Carbamoyl phosphate synthase I

4 〉 Primary hyperoxaluria is due to a defect in the enzyme

-- Glycine transaminase

5 〉 The cofactor required for the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is

-- Tetrahydrobiopterin

6 〉 Parkinson’s disease is linked with decreased synthesis of

-- Dopamine

7 〉 The metabolite excreted (elevated) in alkaptonuria is

-- Homogentisate

8 〉 The disease in which very high amount of tryptophan (nearly 60%) is converted to serotonin is

-- Malignant carcinoid syndrome

9 〉 The mammalian enzyme with the shortest half-life (about 10 minutes) is

-- Ornithine decarboxylase

10 〉 The branched chain amino acid that is only ketogenic is

-- Leucine

11 〉 The synthesis of urea occurs in

-- Liver

12 〉 The amino acid required for the formation of glutathione

-- Glycine, Cysteine, Glutamate

13 〉 In the synthesis of cysteine, the carbon skeleton is provided by

-- Serine

14 〉 The amino acids are said to be ketogenic when the carbon skeleton is finally degraded to

-- Acetyl CoA

15 〉 The amino acid that does not participate in transamination

-- Lysine

This post includes important one-liners from the chapter Metabolism of lipids in biochemistry. This post summarises the chapter in short.

1 〉 Niemann-Pick disease is due to a defect in the enzyme

-- Sphingomyelinase,

2 〉 The lipoprotein involved in the reverse cholesterol transport is

-- HDL

3 〉 The total number of ATP produced by the oxidation of a molecule of palmitic acid is

-- 129 ATP,

4 〉 The long chain fatty acids (C26—C35) are not oxidized due to the absence of peroxisomes. This disorder is known as

-- Zellweger syndrome

5 〉 Acetyl CoA from the mitochondria is transported into the cytosol after its conversion to

-- Citrate

6 〉 Plasma lipoprotein that is inversely correlated with coronary heart disease is

-- HDL

7 〉 The fatty acid that is commonly found in the C2 of triacylglycerols is

-- Unsaturated fatty acid

8 〉 The lipoprotein possessing the highest quantity of phospholipid

-- HDL

9 〉 Hypercholesterolemia is observed in the disorder(s)

-- Hypothyroidism, Diabetes mellitus, Nephrotic syndrome

10 〉 The two final products in the -oxidation of odd chain fatty acids are

-- Acetyl CoA and propionyl CoA

11 〉 Hormone sensitive lipase activity is inhibited by the hormone

-- Insulin

12 〉 The most predominant lipid component of chylomicrons

-- Triacylglycerols

13 〉 Cholesterol synthesis is controlled by feedback inhibition of the enzyme

-- HMG CoA reductase

14 〉 A compound possessing hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups in its structure is known as

-- Ampipathic

This post includes important one-liner questions from the chapter METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES in Biochemistry. This post describes the chapter in short. important for pharmacy, nursing, science, and medical students.

1 〉 Name the five vitamins required by pyruvate dehydrogenase or -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

-- Thiamine, riboflavin, lipoic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid,

2 〉 Muscle glycogen does not directly contribute to blood glucose due to absence of the enyme

-- Absence of glucose 6-phosphatase

3 〉 Ascorbic acid is not synthesized in man due to lack of the enzyme

-- L-Gulonolactone oxidase

4 〉 The compound implicated in the development of cataract in diabetic patients is

-- Sorbitol

5 〉 Galactosemia is mostly due to the deficiency of the enzyme

-- Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase

6 〉 The two amino acids that are never glucogenic are

-- Leucine and lysine

7 〉 Substrate level phosphorylation in citric acid cycle is catalysed by the enzyme

-- Succinate thiokinase

8 〉 The metabolic pathway concerned with the conversion of L-xylulose to D-xylulose is

-- Uronic acid pathway

9 〉 The name of the protein that has been identified to serve as a primer for glycogen synthesis is

-- Glycogenin

10 〉 The metabolite among the citric acid cycle intermediates performing a catalytic role

-- Oxaloacetate

11 〉 Which enzymes in glycolysis catalyses an irreversible reaction

-- Pyruvate kinase , Phosphofructokinase, Hexokinase

12 〉 Synthesis of 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate occurs in the tissue namely.

-- Erythrocytes

13 〉 The hormone that lowers cAMP concentration in liver cells is

-- Insulin

14 〉 The number of ATP produced when a molecule of acetyl CoA is oxidized through citric acid cycle

-- 12

15 〉 The connecting link between HMP shunt and lipid synthesis is

-- NADPH

This post includes important one-liners of Biological Oxidation chapter from Biochemistry. This post summarises the chapter in short.

1 〉 The relation between the change of free energy (G), enthalpy (H) and entropy (S) is expressed by the equation

-- ΔG = ΔH – TΔS (T = Absolute temperature)

2 〉 A negative sign of free energy indicates that the reaction is

-- Exergonic or spontaneous

3 〉 The bonds responsible for a majority of high-energy compounds are

-- Phosphoanhydride bonds

4 〉 The storage form of high-energy compound in invertebrates is

-- Phosphoarginine

5 〉 A more negative redox potential represents a greater tendency to lose

-- Electrons

6 〉 The electron transport chain is located in

-- Inner mitochondrial membrane

7 〉 The prosthetic group present in cytochromes

-- Heme (porphyrin with iron)

8 〉 The component of electron transport chain which can directly react with molecular oxygen

-- Cytochrome oxidase (cyt a + a3)

9 〉 The site of ETC inhibited by cyanide

-- Cytochrome a + a3

10 〉 Superoxide is converted to H2O2 by the enzyme

-- Superoxide dismutase

11 〉 Name the compound with the greatest standard free energy.

-- Phosphoenolpyruvate

12 〉 Which components of ETC possesses isoprenoid units

-- Coenzyme Q

13 〉 The P : O ratio for the oxidation of FADH2 is

-- 2

14 〉 Inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to

-- OH– K+ H+

15 〉 ATP synthase activity is associated with the mitochondrial enzyme complex

-- V

This post includes important one-liner questions on HEMOGLOBIN AND PORPHYRINS from the subject of Biochemistry. This post summarises the chapter in short.

1 〉 The total number of amino acids present in adult hemoglobin

-- 574

2 〉 The oxidation of ferrous (Fe2+) iron to ferric (Fe3+) iron in hemoglobin results in the formation of a compound namely

-- Methemoglobin

3 〉 The enzyme that catalyses the formation of carbonic acid

-- Carbonic anhydrase

4 〉 Name the compound that is increased in RBC of anemic patients to facilitate the supply of O2 to the tissues

-- 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

5 〉 Sickling of RBC in sickle-cell anemia is due to polymerization of

-- Deoxyhemoglobin,

6 〉 The disorders characterized by decreased synthesis or total absence of globin chains of hemoglobin are collectively known as

-- Thalassemias

7 〉 The intermediate of citric acid cycle that is involved in heme synthesis

-- Succinyl CoA

8 〉 The enzyme defect in acute intermittent porphyria

-- Uroporphyrinogen synthase I

9 〉 The enzyme that is regulated by feedback inhibition in heme synthesis is

-- δ -Aminolevulinate synthase

10 〉 The product formed when heme oxygenase cleaves heme

-- Biliverdin

11 〉 The characteristic red colour of hemoglobin is due to

-- Heme

12 〉 The number of heme groups present in myoglobin

-- 1

13 〉 The patients of sickle-cell anemia are resistant to

-- Malaria

14 〉 The compound that facilitates the release of O2 from oxyhemoglobin

-- C1– , H+ , 2, 3-BPG

15 〉 Name the amino acid that directly participates in the synthesis of heme

-- Glycine

This post includes important one-liners questions from the chapter PLASMA PROTEINS of biochemistry. This post describes the chapter in short.

1 〉 The difference between plasma and serum is the presence or absence of

-- Fibrinogen

2 〉 The most commonly employed technique for separation of plasma proteins

-- Electrophoresis

3 〉 Haptoglobin binds and prevents the excretion of the compound

-- Hemoglobin

4 〉 The cells responsible for the production of immunoglobulins

-- B-Lymphocytes

5 〉 The immunoglobulin that can cross the placenta and transfer the mother’s immunity to the developing fetus

-- IgG

6 〉 The immunoglobulins that can bind with mast cells and release histamine

-- IgE

7 〉 Bence-Jones proteins are precipitated when urine is heated to

-- 40–50°C

8 〉 The major component of acute phase proteins used for the evaluation of acute phase response

-- C-reactive protein

9 〉 The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways result in the formation of a common activated factor

-- Staurt factor

10 〉 The factor mostly responsible for the lysis of blood clot

-- Plasmin

11 〉 Hemophilia A is due to the deficiency of clotting factor

-- VIII

12 〉 Plasma albumin performs the following functions

-- Osmotic, Transport , Nutritive

13 〉 The immunoglobulin present in most abundant quantity

-- IgG

14 〉 Name the immunoglobulin involved in body allergic reactions

-- IgE

15 〉 The following anticoagulant binds with Ca2+ and prevents blood clotting

-- Oxalate

This post includes important one-liners from the chapter on digestion and absorption from biochemistry. This post summarises the chapter in short.

1 〉 Cellulose is not digested in humans due to lack of the enzyme that hydrolyses

-- β-Glycosidic bonds

2 〉 The most important carbohydrate associated with flatulence caused by ingestion of leguminous seeds

-- Raffinose

3 〉 Lactose intolerance is caused by the deficiency of the enzyme

-- Lactase (β-galactosidase)

4 〉 The non-digested carbohydrates are collectively called

-- Fiber

5 〉 Gastric HCl is secreted by

-- Parietal (oxyntic) cells

6 〉 Name of the peptide believed to be involved in the transport of amino acids

-- Glutathione

7 〉 The disease characterized by impairment in the absorption of neutral amino acids

-- Hartnup’s disease

8 〉 Trypsin hydrolyses peptide bonds, the carbonyl group of which is contributed by the amino acids

-- Arginine and lysine

9 〉 The inhibition of the enzyme pancreatic lipase by bile salts is overcome by a protein, namely

-- Colipase

10 〉 The vehicles for the transport of lipids from the intestinal lumen to the membrane of mucosal cells

-- Mixed micelles

11 〉 The key enzyme that converts trypsinogen to trypsin is

-- Na+

12 〉 Transport of glucose from the lumen to the intestinal mucosal cells is coupled with diffusion of

-- Enteropeptidase

13 〉 The products obtained by the action of pancreatic lipase on triacylglycerols are

-- 2-Acylglycerol and free fatty acids

14 〉 The lipoproteins synthesized in the intestinal mucosal cells from the absorbed lipids are

-- Chylomicrons

15 〉 Salivary -amylase becomes inactive in the stomach primarily due to

-- Inactivation by low pH

This post includes important one liners from chapter Vitamins of biochemistry . This post summarises the chapter in short.

-17 〉 The A in coenzyme A stands for

-- Acetylation

1 〉 The vitamin containing isoalloxazine ring

-- Riboflavin

2 〉 The vitamin that is regarded as a vitamin in search of a disease

-- Vitamin E (tocopherol)

3 〉 Anti-tuberculosis drug, isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) leads to the deficiency of vitamin

-- Pyridoxine (B6)

4 〉 The egg injury factor present in raw egg white

-- Avidin

5 〉 The ‘burning feet syndrome’ in man is associated with the deficiency of

-- Pantothenic acid

6 〉 The vitamin that is synthesized by only microorganisms

-- Cobalamin (B12)

7 〉 The three Ds in pellagra stand for

-- Dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia

8 〉 The fat soluble vitamin required for carboxylation reaction

-- Vitamin K

9 〉 FIGLU (formimino glutamic acid) is excreted in urine in the deficiency of vitamin

-- Folic acid

10 〉 Which one of the vitamin A functions as a steroid hormone

-- Retinol

11 〉 The functionally active form of vitamin D is

-- Calcitriol

12 〉 The metabolite excreted in urine in thiamine deficiency

-- Pyruvate

13 〉 The coenzyme directly concerned with the synthesis of biogenic amines

-- Pyridoxal phosphate

14 〉 Folic acid antagonist(s) used in the treatment of cancer

-- Methotrexate

This post includes important one liners from chapter Enzymes from biochemistry. This post summarizes the chapter in short.

1 〉 The literal meaning of enzyme is

-- In yeast

2 〉 The class of enzymes involved in synthetic reactions are

-- Ligases

3 〉 The non-protein part of holoenzyme

-- Coenzyme

4 〉 Enzymes lose the catalytic activity at temperature above 70C due to

-- Denaturation

5 〉 Examples of two enzymes containing zinc are

-- Alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase

6 〉 The place at which substrate binds with the enzyme

-- Active site

7 〉 The enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase requires the coenzyme

-- NADP+,

8 〉 The E.C. number for alcohol dehydrogenase is

-- E.C. 1.1.1.1

9 〉 Phsophofructokinase is allosterically activated by

-- AMP/ADP

10 〉 The very first enzyme elevated in serum in myocardial infarction

-- Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

11 〉 Pepsin is an example for the class of enzymes namely

-- Hydrolases

12 〉 The coenzyme not involved in hydrogen transfer

-- FH4

13 〉 In the feedback regulation, the end product binds at

-- Allosteric site

14 〉 Glutamyl transpeptidase activity in serum is elevated in

-- Alcoholism

15 〉 In recent years, a non-protein compound has been identified to bring about catalysis in biological system. The name of the compound is

-- RNA

This post includes important one liner Questions on the chapter Proteins and Amino acids from Biochemistry to summarise the chapter in short.

1 〉 The average nitrogen content of proteins

-- 16%

2 〉 Proteins are the polymers of

-- L-α-Amino acids

3 〉 Name the sulfur containing essential amino acid

-- Methionine

4 〉 The charged molecule which is electrically neutral is known as

-- Zwitterion

5 〉 The non – amino acid present in coenzyme A

-- β-Alanine

6 〉 The bonds forming the backbone of protein structure

-- Peptide bonds

7 〉 The amino acid that is completely destroyed by acid hydrolysis of protein

-- Tryptophan

8 〉 The number of peptide bonds present in a decapeptide

-- 9

9 〉 The chemical name of Sanger’s reagent

-- 1-Fluro 2,4-dinitrobenzene

10 〉 The phenomenon of disorganization of native protein structure is known as

-- Denaturation

11 〉 The amino acid found in protein structure

-- Proline

12 〉 A non-protein amino acid

-- Histamine

13 〉 The bonds in protein structure that are not broken on denaturation.

-- Peptide bonds

14 〉 Sequenator is an automatic machine to determine amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain. The reagent used in sequenator is

-- Edman’s reagent

15 〉 The reaction given by two or more peptide linkages is

-- Biuret test

This post includes important one-liner questions from the chapter Nucleic acids and Nucleotides . this summarises the chapter in short.

1 〉 The fundamental unit of genetic information is known as

-- Gene

2 〉 DNA controls protein synthesis through the mediation of

-- RNA

3 〉 Nucleic acids are the polymers of

-- Nucleotides

4 〉 The pyrimidine present in DNA but absent in RNA

-- Thymine

5 〉 Ribose and deoxyribose differ in their structure around carbon atom

-- 2

6 〉 Nucleotide is composed of

-- Base + sugar + phosphate

7 〉 The scientist who observed that there exists a relationship between the contents of purines and pyrimidines in DNA structure

-- Erwin Chargaff

8 〉 The base pair G-C is more stable and stronger than A-T due to

-- 3 Hydrogen bonds

9 〉 Under physiological condition, the DNA structure is predominantly in the form

-- β-Form

10 〉 The acceptor arm of tRNA contains a capped nucleotide sequence

-- CCA

11 〉 The nitrogenous base not present in DNA structure

-- Uracil

12 〉 The number of base pairs present in each turn (pitch) of B-form of DNA helix

-- 10

13 〉 The backbone of nucleic acid structure is constructed by

-- Phosphodiester bridges

14 〉 Name a coenzyme which is a nucleotide

-- FAD , NAD+ , CoASH

15 〉 The nucleotide that serves as an intermediate for biosynthetic reaction

-- UDP-glucose , CDP- acylglycerol , S Adenosylmethionine

This post includes important one-liner Questions from the chapter - Lipids in Biochemistry. These one-liners summarise the chapters in short.

1 〉 The lipids that function as fuel reserve in animals

-- Triacylglycerolds

2 〉 The isomerism associated with unsaturated fatty acids

-- Geometric isomerism (cis-trans isomerism)

3 〉 The cyclic fatty acid employed in the treatment of leprosy

-- Chaulmoogric acid

4 〉 The lipids that are not the structural components of biological membranes

-- Triacylglycerols

5 〉 The prefix sn used to represent glycerol, sn stands for

-- Stereospecific number

6 〉 The number of mg of KOH required to hydrolyse 1 g fat or oil is known as

-- Saponification number

7 〉 The phospholipid that prevents the adherence of inner surfaces of lungs

-- Dipalmitoyl lecithin

8 〉 The phospholipid that produces second messengers in hormonal action

-- Phosphatidylinositol

9 〉 Name the glycolipids containing N-acetylneuraminic acid

-- Gangliosides

10 〉 The steroids contain a cyclic ring known as

-- Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene

11 〉 Which is the simplest form of glycolipids which occur in the membranes of nervous tissue.

-- Cerebrosides

12 〉 Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene is present in

-- Steroids

13 〉 The lipids that possess both hydrophobic (non -polar) and hydrophilic (polar) groups are known as

-- amphipathic

14 〉 Which are the organic substances relatively insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether).

-- Lipids

15 〉 Which are the essential fatty acids that need to be supplied in the diet.

-- PUFA

This post includes Important one-liner Questions from the chapter - Carbohydrates which precisely summarise the chapter Carbohydrates (biomolecules) in Biochemistry.

1 〉 The and cyclic forms of D-glucose are referred to as

-- Anomers

2 〉 If two monosaccharides differ in configuration around a single carbon atom, they are known as

-- Epimers

3 〉 The carbohydrate that is taken as a reference for writing the configuration of others

-- Glyceraldehydes

4 〉 Name a non-reducing disaccharide

-- Sucrose

5 〉 The non-carbohydrate moiety found in glycosides is known as

-- Aglycone

6 〉 Give an example of a glycoside antibiotic

-- Streptomycin

7 〉 The glycosidic bonds at the branching points in the structure of starch are

-- 1,6- glycosidic bond

8 〉 The polysaccharide employed for the assessment of kidney function

-- Insulin

9 〉 The glycosaminoglycan that serves as a lubricant and shock absorbant of joints

-- Hyaluronic acid

10 〉 Name the sialic acid, mostly found in the structure of glycoproteins and glycolipids

-- N- Acetylneuraminic acid

11 〉 Carbohydrates are the polyhydroxyaldehydes or ketones, or compounds which produce them on

-- Hydrolysis

12 〉 The major dietary energy sources, besides their involvement in cell structure and various other functions is

-- Carbohydrates

13 〉 The most important naturally occurring aldose/monosaccharide.

-- D- glucose

14 〉 The polymers of monosaccharides or their derivatives, held together by glycosidic bonds

-- Polysaccharide

15 〉 The carbohydrate reserves of plants

-- Starch

Important Questions on Solar System

1 〉 Which part of the Sun is visible at the time of the eclipse?

-- Corona

2 〉 What is the Orbital period of Moon?

-- 27 Days

3 〉 At how mush speed Moon moves across the Sun?

-- 2,250 Km Per Hour

4 〉 The brightest star in the sky is

-- Sirius

5 〉 Which part of the Sun is visible to humans?

-- Photosphere

6 〉 Which is the deepest point from the sea level on the Earth?

-- Mariana Trench

7 〉 What is the time taken by the light of the Sun to reach the Earth?

-- 08 minutes 20 seconds

8 〉 Which is the largest planet of the Solar System according to size?

-- Jupiter

9 〉 Which planet in the Solar System has the highest density?

-- Earth

10 〉 Which planet is known as the Morning Star or the Evening Star?

-- Venus

In this post we have taken the Most important one liner questions with answers on high courts of India.

1 〉 How many High Courts are in the India currently?

-- 25

2 〉 Which is the latest High Court in India-

-- Allahabad

3 〉 How many High Courts are in the India currently?

-- 25

4 〉 Who can extend the jurisdiction of a High Court?

-- Parliament of India

5 〉 The High Court Judge can be removed by-

-- A resolution passed by the Parliament With a special majority

6 〉 The High Court judge gets the pension from-

-- India's Accumulated Fund

7 〉 Who does not participate in the appointment of the High Court Judge?

-- Chief Minister of the State

8 〉 On which ground a High Court Judge can be impeached?

-- Proven misconduct and Incompetence

9 〉 Which is the Oldest high Court in India?

-- Calcutta High Court

10 〉 The High Court has the Jurisdiction under Article 226 for the enforcement of

-- Fundamental Rights

Important Questions on seasons and climate of India, Indian geography

1 〉 The dew point is the temperature at which -

-- water vapour condenses to a liquid

2 〉 Which place in India has never got the vertical rays of the Sun?

-- Sri Nagar

3 〉 In which place, houses are built on stilts?

-- Assam

4 〉 The state of atmosphere over an area at any point of time is known as-

-- Weather

5 〉 In which months does the Tamil Nadu coast get most of its rainfall?

-- October to November

6 〉 Which is the rainiest station of India?

-- Shillong, Meghalaya

7 〉 Which place of India experiences the highest summer temperature?

-- Jaisalmer, Rajasthan

8 〉 In which place of India precipitation is in form of snowfall?

-- Dras, Ladakh

9 〉 A line on a weather map that joins places that have the same temperature at a particular time (mean temperature)-

-- isotherm

10 〉 The coldest season of the year in India is -

-- Winter

Indian society is important topic in real life and also in UPSC exam. Lets read the all one liners on Indian society.

1 〉 How much India culture is old

-- approximately 250,000 years ago

2 〉 Which is the oldest tribe in India?

-- The Jarawa tribe

3 〉 How many tribes in India?

-- 645 distinct tribes

4 〉 What are the main reasons for diversity in India?

-- Color, Ethnicity, Gender, Physical bearings, Socio-economic rank, Generation, Physical experiences, Spiritual faiths, Political beliefs, and other ideologies are the reasons for diversity in India

5 〉 What are the main source of livelihood in India?

-- Agriculture and other primary level are main source of livelihood

6 〉 Which are major festivals in India?

-- 24 National Festivals of India and other Diwali, Holi, Sankrat, Lohri, Pongal religion festivals

7 〉 How many people live in rural India 2020?

-- 898,024,053

8 〉 How many religions in the India?

-- 6 main religions and others

9 〉 How many official languages are spoken in India?

-- 22 Languages and other more than 1500 spoken languages

10 〉 Which terms describe Indian Society correctly?

-- Dynamic and syncretic, Traditional with modernity, Unity in Diversity, Caste and class, Rural and agrarian, Spiritual and Materialistic, Individualism and Collectivism, Mutual respect and Tolerance, Patriarchy

Important exam-oriented one-liners questions from Major Lakes in India.

1 〉 Which is the highest lake in India?

-- Cholamu lake, Sikkim

3 〉 Largest Man-made lake in India-

-- Gobind sagar in Bilaspur District, Himachal pradesh

4 〉 Loktak Lake, a big lake of North East India, is located in-

-- Manipur

5 〉 Which lake of India has very high salinity?

-- Sambhar lake, Rajasthan

6 〉 'Lake district of India' ?

-- Nainital

7 〉 The Study of lakes is called

-- Limnology

8 〉 Which is the largest artificial lake in Asia?

-- Upper lake, Madhya Pradesh

9 〉 Which is the longest lake in India?

-- Vembanad Lake, kerala

10 〉 Umium Lake is located in which state?

-- Meghalaya

11 〉 Which is the largest fresh water lake of India?

-- Wular lake

12 〉 Which is the largest lake of Tibet?

-- Kokonor lake

13 〉 Where is Dal lake located?

-- Jammu & Kashmir

1 〉 Which two rivers form world’s largest delta?

-- River Ganga and Brahmaputra

2 〉 Indo-Gangetic plains are formed by the basins of which river –

-- The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Indus Rivers

3 〉 River Bhagirathi arises at Gaumukh from which Glacier?

-- Gangotri Glacier

4 〉 Which one is a Salt Lake in Rajasthan?

-- Sambhar Lake

5 〉 Which river system is found in the south of India?

-- Pennar

6 〉 Which is the second largest basin in India?

-- River Godavari

7 〉 Which is the river basin with the largest catchment area?

-- River Ganga

8 〉 Which River is known as 'the twin' of the Narmada river?

-- River Tapi

9 〉 Which is the largest west flowing river of the Peninsula?

-- River Narmada

10 〉 In which Indian river is Shivanasamudra waterfalls situated?

-- River Kaveri

11 〉 Which is the largest river system of the peninsular India?

-- The Godavari

12 〉 Which Dam is built on the river Mahanadi?

-- Hirakud Dam

13 〉 Which is the river island of Brahmaputra?

-- Majuli

14 〉 Which forms Dhuandhar waterfall and a picturesque gorge of marble rocks nearby Jabalpur-

-- River Narmada

15 〉 Which river originates in the Pushkar valley of the Aravalli range?

-- Luni

16 〉 In which place Gandak joins the River Ganga?

-- Sonpur near Patna

17 〉 Which river is popularly known as 'Dakshin Ganga'?

-- River Godavari

18 〉 From which Glacier River Ganga originated?

-- Gangotri Glacier

19 〉 What is another name of Chenab?

-- Chandrabhaga

20 〉 Which river does not discharge its water in the Arabian sea?

-- Mahanadi

Important one line Question Answers of French Revolution.

1 〉 What are good effects come from French revolution

-- Democracy, equality, and nationalism

2 〉 What was the time period of Region of Terror

-- From June 1793 to July 1794

3 〉 What ware the main causes of French revolution

-- Social Inequality, Drastic Weather and Poor Harvests, Tax Burden, Despotic rule of Louis XVI, Inherited problems

4 〉 Who was the last king of French

-- Louis XVI

5 〉 Which statement given by Marie Antoinette's

-- In French- Qu'ils mangent de la brioche [English Translation- let them eat cake!]

6 〉 How many people died in French revolution

-- Approximately 50,000

7 〉 How many people were killed with guillotine in French Revolution

-- Approximately 2500

8 〉 Who is the leader of French revolution

-- Napoleon Bonaparte

9 〉 Which clock system was used French at time of French Revolution

-- They used 10 hour in day and 100 mins in one hour old clock system

10 〉 What is the timeline of French Revolution

-- 5 May 1789 – 9 Nov 1799

Important One liner on Nazism.

1 〉 When Nazism ended

-- Early May 1945

2 〉 What is the difference between Totalitarianism and fascism

-- Totalitarianism is about simple power whereas in fascism everything is a forcibly monolithic and regimented nation under the control of an autocratic ruler.

3 〉 What is fascism

-- It is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalist characterized by dictatorial power, a forcibly monolithic and regimented nation under the control of an autocratic ruler.

4 〉 What is Totalitarianism

-- The ruler or ruling group has complete control on Government with no oppositions.

5 〉 What is the name of German Parliament

-- The Bundestag

6 〉 Who is the writer of Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

-- Adolf Hitler

7 〉 When Hitler joined Nazi party

-- Early 1920

8 〉 What is the long form of NAZI

-- National Socialist German Workers’ Party

9 〉 When was Nazi Germany founded

-- 1933

10 〉 What was Adolf Hitler's real name

-- Adolf Schicklgruber

11 〉 Who is the leader of Nazism

-- Adolf Hitler

These are one liners on the most important topic The Great Plains of India from the Indian Geography

1 〉 The Indo- Gangetic plains extends upto

-- 3,200 Km

2 〉 The width of the great plain is-

-- 150-300 kms

3 〉 What are the geomorphic features of the plains?

-- Babar, Bhangar, Terai and Khadar

4 〉 The Indo- Gangetic plains covers an area of about

-- 7 Lakh sq. Km

5 〉 The region of older alluvium of the ganga plain is also known as

-- Bangar Plains

6 〉 The land between two rivers is called-

-- Doab

7 〉 Which dynasty ruled in the Indo- Gangetic plains of India?

-- Bharshiva Dynasty

8 〉 Oldest city in Northern Plains

-- Varanasi

9 〉 Which is the largest plain in India?

-- Indo- Gangetic plain

10 〉 Which rivers form the northern plains of India?

-- the Indus, Ganga and the Brahmaputra

11 〉 Type of soil found in Northern plains

-- Alluvial Soil

12 〉 The Cardamom hills is a part of which range?

-- Western Ghats

13 〉 The Swampy belts of northern Indian plains is known as

-- Terai

1 〉 Who colonialism started in India

-- British

2 〉 What is colonialism

-- A practice of domination by one power over a dependent area or people

3 〉 What is the timeline of imperialism in India

-- From 1858 to 1947

4 〉 How did imperialism affect the world?

-- To increased competition among nations and to conflicts that reason world war happened.

5 〉 Is Imperialism is good

-- No, It is unnecessary and immoral

6 〉 Which major countries ware involved in imperialism

-- England, France, The Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Russia, The U.S., Germany, Italy, Japan, Belgium and Turkey

7 〉 Timeline of old imperialism in world

-- Third millennium BC empires of Assyria and Babylon

8 〉 Timeline of modern imperialism in world

-- 16th to 19th century

9 〉 What are the types of Imperialism

-- Colony, Protectorate, Sphere of Influence, and Economics

10 〉 What is Imperialism

-- A policy of extending the rule over peoples and other countries, for extending political, economic access, power and control

1 〉 What is the Innovation of Richard Arkwright

-- The spinning frame

2 〉 Who is the father of industrial revolution

-- Sir Richard Arkwright [ inventor and entrepreneur ]

3 〉 In which sectors Industrial revolution happened

-- Coal, Gas, Electronics, Nuclear, and Internet and Renewable energy

4 〉 What are the negative impact of the industrial revolution

-- Child labor, increase pollution, exploitation of women and children, and income inequality

5 〉 What are the benefits of the industrial revolution

-- Increase in wealth, job opportunities, Production levels, inspired innovation

6 〉 What were the reasons of industrial revolution

-- Capitalism, Scientific Revolution, Agricultural Revolution, Governmental Policies, Good mineral resources, Growing population, and Trading opportunities

7 〉 In which city, Industrial revolution started first

-- England

8 〉 In which Countries, Industrial revolution happened

-- Britain, United States and other European countries

9 〉 Why does industrial revolution started in Britain

-- In Britain booming cotton and trade industries allowed investors on risks for make profits to support the construction of factories.

10 〉 What is the Industrial revolution

-- The process of change from an agrarian economy and handicraft economy to industry and machine manufacturing industry.

11 〉 What is the timeline of Industrial revolution

-- 1750 to 1914

One-liners on World War 2.

1 〉 Who lost the most from WW2

-- The Soviet Union in terms of sheer civilian casualties

2 〉 Who gained the most from WW2

-- The United States

3 〉 How many soldiers died in ww2

-- 50–56 million

4 〉 How Japan lost in the WW2

-- Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States.

5 〉 How Germany lost in the WW2

-- Hitler's suicide and Germany were conquered by the Soviet Union with the other Allies.

6 〉 Who are the main Axis Powers

-- Germany, Japan and Italy

7 〉 Who are the main Allied powers

-- Great Britain, The United States, China, and the Soviet Union.

8 〉 What are causes of ww2

-- 1] The Treaty of Versailles, 2] Economic downturns, 3] Nazi ideology and Lebensraum, 4] The rise of extremism, 5] Japan invades China, 6] The failure of appeasement.

9 〉 What is the main reason of ww2

-- Hitler's invasion of Poland in September 1939

10 〉 Who announced the start of ww2

-- France and Britain declared war on Germany

11 〉 What is the timeline of world war - 2

-- Start at 1939 and end at 1945.

One liners on Waterfalls In India

1 〉 What is the new name of Jog or Gerosoppa Waterfall?

-- Mahatma Gandhi Waterfall

2 〉 Jog falls is located on which River?

-- Sharavati

3 〉 In which state is Jog Falls located?

-- Karnataka

4 〉 What is the height of Kynrem falls?

-- 305 Meter

5 〉 What is the height of the highest waterfall Kunchikal?

-- The height of the Kunchikal waterfall is 1,493 ft.

6 〉 Largest waterfall in Kerala-

-- Athirappilly Falls

7 〉 Which city is known as "City of waterfalls" in India?

-- Ranchi

8 〉 Nohsngithiang falls are located in which State?

-- Meghalaya

9 〉 Kusaali falls are located in which district of Karnataka?

-- Udupi

10 〉 Highest Waterfall in India

-- Kunchikal Falls in Shimoga District of Karnataka

In this One Liners we are knowing about World war- 1 causes, impact, leaders,..etc..

1 〉 Which issues are created after ww1

-- Economic depression, Unemployment, Old countries were abolished, Social disorder

2 〉 What was the cost of WW1

-- $208 billion

3 〉 Who had the strong economy in WWI?

-- Britain

4 〉 Who had the strong army in WWI?

-- Russia

5 〉 When Japan entered World War I

-- 23 August 1914

6 〉 When Russia withdrew from ww1

-- March 3, 1918

7 〉 Before World War I, Bosnia-Herzegovina was part of

-- Austria-Hungary

8 〉 Who won the World War1

-- WW1 won countries- Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States

9 〉 Which country announced the first declaration of WW1

-- Austro-Hungarian government declare the war on Serbia

10 〉 Which country has the most deaths in WW1

-- Russia

11 〉 How many soldiers died in ww1

-- 20 million deaths

12 〉 What are the main causes of the First World War

-- Militarism, Imperialism, Alliances and Nationalism

13 〉 What are major alliances in WW1

-- [Serbia, Russia, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Romania and United States] VS [Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire]

14 〉 Which countries are directly participated in WW1

-- Over 30 Countries

15 〉 What is the timeline of World War - 1

-- Start at 28 July 1914 and end at 11 November 1918.

Important Questions on history of computers for competitive exams point of view like CTET, JRF etc. Also helpful for pharmacist and nursing exams (under general awarenes section ).

1 〉 Who is the father of supercomputer in india

-- Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar

2 〉 Who is the father of supercomputer

-- Seymour Cray

3 〉 Who invented computer graphics

-- Ivan Sutherland

4 〉 Who is the father of computer science

-- Alan Turing

5 〉 Who is the father of computer architecture

-- John von Neumann

6 〉 Who is mother of programming language

-- Ada Lovelace

7 〉 Who is the father of programming language

-- Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie

8 〉 Which is the first programming language in the world

-- FORTRAN

9 〉 What is GUI [ Graphical user interface ]

-- Every software widgets that the user can use to interact with your application known as GUI.

10 〉 What are the main types of Operating system

-- Batch Operating System, Time-Sharing Operating System, Distributed Operating System, Embedded Operating System, Real-time Operating System.

11 〉 Which is the first operating system in the world

-- GM-NAA I/O

12 〉 How many types of computer

-- 7 [Supercomputer, Mainframe, Server Computer, Workstation Computer, Personal Computer or PC, Microcontroller, Smartphone.]

13 〉 World's first computer

-- ENIAC [Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer]

14 〉 Who is father of Computers

-- Charles Babbage

Important one liners questions on computer architecture for various competive exams like TET, SSC, DSSSB etc.

1 〉 What is the long form of MIMD in computers

-- Multiple Instruction Multiple Data

2 〉 Where decoded instructions are stored

-- IR [ Instruction Register ]

3 〉 Which format used in computer to store data

-- BCD [ Binary Coded Decimal ]

4 〉 What are the type of architecture patterns?

-- Microservices, Message bus, Service requester/ consumer, MVC, MVVM, Microkernel, N-tier, Domain-driven design, Presentation-abstraction-control

5 〉 What are 4 tiers of architecture?

-- Presentation layer (PL), Data service layer (DSL), Business logic layer (BLL), Data access layer (DAL).

6 〉 What are the layers of the computer architecture?

-- The hardware, operating system, software, and user layers

7 〉 Which memory type is fast

-- Register

8 〉 Which of the operations allows read and write operations

-- RAM

9 〉 What are the categories of computer architecture1. S

-- 1. System Design, 2. Instruction set architecture (ISA), 3. Microarchitecture

10 〉 What is basic architecture of computer?

-- Input Unit, Output Unit, Storage Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Unit

Mauryan Empire is great Empire in The Indian history.

1 〉 Who is Chanakya

-- Chanakya was an ancient Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist at Taxila and royal advisor at Mauryan Empire .

2 〉 Who was the greatest ruler of the Mauryan empire?

-- King Ashoka

3 〉 Which princess was married to Chandragupta after Seleucid–Mauryan war

-- Helena [ Daughter of Seleukos Nikator ]

4 〉 How many sons Chandragupta had

-- Keshnak and Bindusara.

5 〉 Who is last king of Mauryan Empire

-- Brihadratha

6 〉 Who is the teacher of Chandragupta Mauryan

-- Chanakya

7 〉 What are the boundaries of Mauryan Empire

-- The Ganges River, the Brahmaputra, the Eastern and Western Ghats, the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, and the Indus River.

8 〉 Which is the Capital city of Mauryan Empire

-- Pataliputra

9 〉 What is the timeline of Mauryan Empire

-- 321 B.C.E. and ended in 185 B.C.E.

10 〉 Who is the founder of Mauryan Empire

-- Chandragupta Mauryan

Important World history one-liners questions on the Russian revolution.

1 〉 When Japan attacked the Russians at Port Arthur, Manchuria

-- February 1904

2 〉 Who were the Mensheviks

-- Member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party

3 〉 Who led the Mensheviks

-- Irakli Tsereteli

4 〉 Who were the Bolshevik

-- Social Democratic Workers Party Workers

5 〉 Who are the main leaders of Bolshevik Revolution

-- Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky

6 〉 Who ruled Russia at the time of World War I?

-- Vladimir Lenin

7 〉 Who was the king of Russia at the time of first world war?

-- Nicholas II

8 〉 Who is the last Tsar of Russia?

-- Nicholas II

9 〉 Who is the Father of Communism in Russia?

-- Marx

10 〉 Who is the founder of Communist Party in Russia?

-- Vladimir Lenin

1 〉 Kushok Bakula Rimpochhe Airport is located in which city?

-- Leh, Jammu & Kashmir

2 〉 Yeduguri Sandanti Rajashekhar Reddy Airport is located in which city?

-- Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh

3 〉 Sheikh ul–Alam International Airport is located in which city?

-- Sri Nagar, Jammu & Kashmir

4 〉 Swami Vivekananda Airport is located in which city?

-- Raipur, Chhattisgarh

5 〉 Kempegowda International Airport is located at-

-- Bangalore

6 〉 Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport is located at-

-- Lucknow

7 〉 Biju Patnaik International Airport is located at-

-- Bhubaneshwar

8 〉 Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport is located at-

-- Patna

9 〉 Tuticorin Airport is located in-

-- Tamil Nadu

10 〉 Jolly Grant Airport is located in-

-- Varanasi

11 〉 Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport is located at-

-- Varanasi

12 〉 The largest International Airport in India is-

-- Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Which spans about 5,495 acres.

13 〉 Tiruchirappalli International Airport is located in-

-- Tamil Nadu

14 〉 Veer Savarkar International Airport is located at-

-- Port Blair

15 〉 Veer Savarkar International Airport at located at which state?

-- Andaman & Nicobar, Port Blair

16 〉 Gaya International Airport located at which state?

-- Bihar

17 〉 Indira Gandhi International Airport located at which state?

-- Delhi

18 〉 Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport Located at which city?

-- Nagpur, Maharashtra

19 〉 Rajiv Gandhi International Airport located at which city?

-- Hyderabad

20 〉 Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Located at which State?

-- Maharashtra

Indus Valley civilisation is the very first civilisation found to exist in the ancient Indian history. It was situated with the bank of Indus river (now in Haryana and Punjab Region). Here are the important static GK questions on Indus valley Civilisation which are repeatedly asked in various competitive exams.

1 〉 Which things Indus Valley Civilization export to the Mesopotamian

-- Timber and Ebony

2 〉 Which process they use for art craft making

-- Lost-wax casting process

3 〉 How many water reservoirs found at Dholavira

-- 16 water reservoirs found at The Harappan city of Dholavira

4 〉 Rain water and Bathing system of Indus Valley Civilization

-- For public they built great water management with 80 public toilets and about 700 wells. Every house had own rainwater harvesting and bath system.

5 〉 Which housing system pattern they used

-- They use single door and windows facing opposite side of the roads and open into the central courtyard.

6 〉 Which is the smallest division founded in Indus Valley Civilization

-- Ivory scale was around1.704 mm made from Bronze age. Founded at Lothal, Gujarat.

8 〉 What kind of weapons' they used

-- Spears, Knives and Arrow-heads

10 〉 Which metals they used

-- Gold, Lead, Copper, Bronze and Tin

11 〉 What is the unit of measurement at that time

-- 16

7 〉 What kind of measurement system they used for measurement

-- Researchers found weights of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 units. These are different from Egypt and Mesopotamia measurement.

9 〉 How many time Mohenjo-Daro reconstructed

-- 9 times and each time on top of the earlier grid.

12 〉 What is the main Source of income of Indus Valley Civilization

-- Agriculture [ Mainly Cotton ]

13 〉 Who is lord of Animals

-- Pashupati Mahadeva

14 〉 They Worshipped

-- Trees, Fire, and Animal like Unicorn and For

15 〉 Mother God of Indus Valley Civilization

-- Matridevi also known as Shakti

Important Questions on National Park and Wildlife Sanctuaries

1 〉 India's First Human Atonomy Park situated at?

-- Phulwari ke Naal Wildlife Sanctuary

2 〉 Pin Valley National Park is located in which State?

-- Himachal Pradesh

3 〉 National Park having highest number of Rhinoceros?

-- Kaziranga National Park in Assam

4 〉 River flows through Kaziranga National Park

-- River Brahmaputra

5 〉 India's First National Park

-- Jim Corbett National Park

6 〉 Which state in India has no national park?

-- Punjab

7 〉 How many wildlife sanctuaries are there in India?

-- 566

8 〉 How many national parks are there in India?

-- 104

9 〉 Which state has maximum number of Wildlife Sanctuaries?

-- Maharashtra

10 〉 Which is the smallest Wildlife Sanctuary in India?

-- Mayureshwar Wildlife Sanctuary in Baramati, about 70 km from Pune.

11 〉 Which state has highest number of National Parks?

-- Madhya Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands

12 〉 Which is the first Wildlife Sanctuary in India?

-- Manas National Park or Manas Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam

13 〉 Which is the largest Wildlife Sanctuary?

-- The Ranthambore National Park

14 〉 Which is the smallest National park in India?

-- South Button Island

15 〉 Which is the Biggest National Park in India?

-- Hemis National Park in Jammu & Kashmir.

one liner on National Highways in India, Important for government exams.

1 〉 In which year National Highway Authority of India formed?

-- 1988

2 〉 Busiest National Highway in India?

-- NH 2 Highway

3 〉 Second longest National Highway in India?

-- NH 27 K National Highway

4 〉 Who made first National Highway in India?

-- Sher Shah Suri in 16th Century built a major road running across the gangetic plain.

5 〉 Longest Highway in the World?

-- Pan American Highway

6 〉 Which state has largest National Highway?

-- Uttar Pradesh

7 〉 First National Highway in India?

-- Old NH 1

8 〉 Smallest National Highway in India

-- NH 47 A

9 〉 Longest National Highway in India?

-- The longest National Highway in India is NH-44

10 〉 How many National Highways are there in India?

-- 599

Important questions on the starting of Russian Revaluation. In next part of important questions on 1905 to 1923 of Russian Revaluation.

1 〉 Which Event led to the Russian Revaluation in 1905

-- The Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War

2 〉 Who led the steelworkers on January, 1905 in St Petersburg for reforms

-- Georgy Gapon,

3 〉 What is Bloody Sunday

-- Hundred steelworkers died on January, 1905 outside the Winter Palace.

4 〉 What is the timeline of Russian Revaluation

-- 8 March 1917 – 16 June 1923

5 〉 What are the mane reasons of Russian Revaluation

-- Political, Social and Economics.

6 〉 What is the date of The Khodynka Tragedy.

-- 30 May 1896

7 〉 Who is Pavel Milyukov

-- The Russian liberal

8 〉 Who is the Finance minister at the time of Tsar Nicholas II

-- Sergei Witte

9 〉 Who is the tutor of Alexander III and Nicholas II

-- Konstantin Pobedonostsev

10 〉 In March 1881, Who assassination the Tsar Alexander II

-- by members of the People’s Will

Important short answer questions on Indus valley and Harrapan civilisation.

2 〉 What are Major urban cities in Indus Valley Civilization

-- Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Dholavira, Ganweriwala and Rakhigarhi.

3 〉 What is the area of Indus Valley Civilization

-- 1,260,000 sq. km[ Current geography- India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan ]

4 〉 Who is the first researcher of the Indus Valley Civilization

-- John Marshall

5 〉 What is the timeline for the Indus Valley Civilization

-- 2500 – 1750 BC

6 〉 Current important places of Indus Valley Civilization in India

-- Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Lothal, Dholavira, Rangpur, Surkotda (Gujarat), Banawali (Haryana), Ropar (Punjab).

7 〉 Who Discover this civilization

-- Marshall, Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni and Madho Sarup Vats.

8 〉 When The Indus Valley Civilization firstly Identified

-- Harappa, Punjab in 1921 - 1922

Important questions asked in competitive exams from stone age.. The prehistoric period of human civilisations.The Stone Age is defined as the age when prehistoric man began to use stones for utilitarian purposes. It is divided into three-part-
1. Palaeolithic Age or Old Stone Age,
2. Mesolithic Age or Middle Stone Age and
3. Neolithic Age or New Stone Age.
More on this topic - The Stone Age - prehistoric period

10 〉 What is the time of Paleolithic Age

-- Up to 10000 BC

1 〉 IN India, Which are the important sites Upper Paleolithic culture

-- Andra Pradesh, Karnataka, Central MP, Maharashtra, Southern UP, South Bihar Plateau

2 〉 IN India, Which are the important sites Middle Paleolithic culture

-- Bagor - Rajasthan and Adamgarh - Madhya Pradesh

3 〉 IN India, Which are the important sites Lower Paleolithic culture

-- Belan valley -Allahabad district, Bhimbetka and Adamgarh - Hoshangabad district, Pahalgam - Kashmir, Singi Talav - Nagaur district

4 〉 Which is the main tool technology of Lower Paleolithic culture

-- Hand axes and cleavers, along with chopper-chopping tools.

5 〉 IN India, Where the oldest Stone was founded to Indian archaeology

-- Bori

6 〉 IN India, Where the oldest human fossil was founded

-- Narmada valley

7 〉 Where the oldest human fossil was founded

-- 4.2 million year old human fossil founded in Africa dates

8 〉 What is the time of Neolithic Age

-- Neolithic Age (4000-1800 BC)

9 〉 What is the time of Mesolithic Age

-- Mesolithic Age (10000- 4000BC),

Important Questions on Sports

1 〉 Who was the first captain of Indian Test team?

-- C K Nayudu

2 〉 What is the name of the person that controls a football match?

-- A Referee

3 〉 India reached the final of the Davis Cup for the first time in?

-- 1966

4 〉 The 'Dronacharya Award' is given to?

-- Coaches

5 〉 The Asian Games were held in Delhi for the first time in?

-- 1951

6 〉 Who was the 1st ODI captain for India?

-- Ajit Wadekar

7 〉 Where did India play its 1st one day international match?

-- Headingley

8 〉 Which was the 1st non Test playing country to beat India in an international match?

-- Sri-Lanka

9 〉 Who was the first Indian to win the World Amateur Billiards title?

-- Wilson Jones

10 〉 Who is the first Indian woman to win an Asian Games gold in 400m run?

-- Kamaljit Sandhu

1 〉 What is the SI unit of Pressure?

-- Pascal (Pa)

2 〉 Most of the exchange of gases in soil is due to-

-- Diffusion

3 〉 Most outstanding green manure crop-

-- Sun Hemp

4 〉 Diameter of clay particle is-

-- less than 0.002 mm

5 〉 Which soil Structure is best for cultivation?

-- Crumby Structure

6 〉 Particle density of most of the soil is?

-- 2.65 g/cc (grams per cubic centimeter)

7 〉 Soils having more than 20% organic matter known as?

-- Organic Soils

8 〉 Bulk density of general soil?

-- 1.33 g/cc ( grams per cubic centimeter)

9 〉 Black soils are best suitable for-

-- Dry Land Agriculture

10 〉 Silicon is essential for-

-- Rice, Maize

11 〉 Who is the father of Soil Science?

-- V.V Dokuchaev

12 〉 First phase of Soil formation is?

-- Weathering

13 〉 Browning in cauliflower is due to?

-- Boron deficiency

14 〉 The direction of wind is measured by-

-- Wind Vane

15 〉 The velocity of wind is measured by-

-- Anemometer

16 〉 Golden rice is a rich source of?

-- Vitamin A

17 〉 What is the optimum PH soil for rice cultivation?

-- 4-6

18 〉 What is the study of desert called?

-- Eremology

19 〉 What is the botanical name of 'Rice'?

-- Oryza Sativa

20 〉 From where the Origin of Sugarcane?

-- New Guinea

1 〉 Who wrote the Declaration of Independence for 13 colonies

-- Thomas Jefferson

2 〉 Which war happened for independence between America and England

-- The American Revolutionary War (1775 to 1783).

3 〉 What is the independence date of 13 colonies

-- 4 July 1776

4 〉 Which war happened in 1665-1667 between Dutch and England

-- Second Anglo-Dutch War.

5 〉 When Dutch come to North American Coastline

-- 1609

6 〉 Who arrive first to North America

-- Christopher Columbus’ in 1492

7 〉 Who are the neighbors of 13 colonies

-- Spanish and Dutch Foreigners are neighbors

8 〉 What is the economic source of British America?

-- Agriculture, Metals and Minerals, and Primary production

9 〉 Who settled 13 colonies in America before American revolution?

-- British Company and Expedition Group.

10 〉 What is the timeline of 13 colonies?

-- 1607 (Virginia) and concluding in 1732 (Georgia).

11 〉 What is the location of 13 Colonies?

-- The eastern coastline of North America.

1 〉 Which war happened in 1754 - 1763 between French and Britain

-- The Seven Years' War.

2 〉 Who issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763

-- King George III on 7 October 1763.

3 〉 Pontiac conspiracy timeline

-- 1763 to 1766

4 〉 Who won the French and Indian War?

-- British

5 〉 What is Sugar Act

-- To stop the pirating exchange sugar and molasses from the French and Dutch.

6 〉 What is Currency Act

-- To limit and regulate the use of paper money in the American colonies.

7 〉 What is Stamp Act

-- a direct tax on the British colonies in America by Great Britain.

8 〉 What is Quartering Act

-- To provide the British soldiers with housing and food.

9 〉 What is declaratory act

-- To accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765 and the changing and lessening of the Sugar Act.

10 〉 What is the Townshend duties

-- Refers to a series of British acts of Parliament passed between 1767 to 1768 relating to the British colonies

11 〉 For Townshend duties, Which unified action taken by 13 colonial assembly

-- Adams’ letter in 1768

important questions on mountains and mountain ranges

2 〉 Mawsynram is in which state?

-- Meghalaya. Mawsynram, in Meghalaya is the wettest place on Earth because of these hills and it lies in the Khasi Hill.

3 〉 Purvanchal range comprises of how many parts?

-- The Purvanchal Range or the Eastern Mountain Range comprises three parts: The Patkai-Bum Hill, KhaThe Garo-si-Jaintia Hills and Lushai Hill (Mizo Hill).

4 〉 Which range is also known as Lower Himalayas?

-- Pir Panjal. This range is also known as Lower Himalayas. Rivers like Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum flow through this range.

5 〉 Which of the following mountain has largest peaks of world?

-- Karakoram Range, it has a length of 500 km and is worlds largest peak.

6 〉 Which is the highest peak in the world?

-- Mount Everest. It is the highest peak of the world at 8848 m.

7 〉 Which is considered as the western point of the Himalayas?

-- Nanga-Parbat . Nanga-Parbat and Namcha Barwa are considered as Western and Eastern Point of the Himalayas.

8 〉 Which of the following is the youngest range in India?

-- Himalaya

9 〉 Kangchenjunga is situated in which state?

-- Sikkim (Shared with Nepal)

10 〉 Which is the highest Indian Peak?

-- Kangchenjunga

11 〉 How many major mountain ranges having peaks of over 1000 meters are in India?

-- There are 07 mountain ranges having peaks of over 100 meters in India.

Important points on Indian government, one liners for competitive exams.

1 〉 Who decides whether a bill is a Money Bill or not?

-- Speaker of the Lok Sabha

2 〉 What is federal structure of Indian constitution

-- Federalism is basic structure of Indian Constitution

3 〉 How many sessions of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha take place in a year?

-- 3 in Lok Sabha and 4 in Rajya Sabha

4 〉 Who is the senior most civil servant to the Indian Government.

-- The Cabinet Secretary

5 〉 What is the minimum age for holding office in the Lok Sabha?

-- 25

6 〉 Who is the first citizen of India

-- The Indian President known as first citizen of India.

7 〉 Who is powerful IAS or IPS

-- IAS

8 〉 How many departments in india government

-- 51 Union ministries in India.

World Health Organization is The international public health Organization.

1 〉 How to become a doctor in world health organisation

-- Graduates and Post Graduates [for more https://www.who.int/careers]

2 〉 Who is set to take charge as the chairman of the World Health Organization (WHO) Executive Board from 2021

-- Dr. Patrick Amoth

3 〉 World Health Organization has announced which region as free of Polio disease?

-- Africa

4 〉 Who was the first Director of the WHO?

-- Dr. B. Chisholm [1948 to 1953]

5 〉 Who is the current president of World Health Organization

-- Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus

6 〉 How many countries are not members in the world health organization

-- Liechtenstein[UN member], Niue and the Cook Islands[ Non-UN Member]

7 〉 How many countries are members in the world health organization

-- 194 countries as member states

8 〉 Where is the headquarters of WHO located in India?

-- Delhi

9 〉 Where is the first headquarters of WHO located?

-- Geneva, Switzerland.

10 〉 When was WHO established

-- 7 April 1948

1 〉 Which is the parent organization of UNESCO

-- United Nations

2 〉 What are the Global Priorities of UNESCO

-- Africa and Gender Equality

3 〉 How many unesco world heritage sites in world

-- 1,154

4 〉 How many unesco world heritage sites in india

-- 40

5 〉 What was the first UNESCO World Heritage Site in india?

-- Agra Fort

6 〉 What was the first UNESCO World Heritage Site?

-- L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Park, Canada

7 〉 Who is the president of UNESCO?

-- Zohour Alaoui

8 〉 How many countries are in UNESCO

-- 193 Member Countries and 11 Associate Member Countries

9 〉 Where is the headquarter of UNESCO

-- World Heritage Centre Paris, France

10 〉 When was the UNESCO established

-- 16 November 1945

1 〉 Which is the deepest ocean of the world

-- The Pacific Ocean.

2 〉 Which places in the India are announced UNESCO’s World Cultural Heritage

-- Ellora Caves, Qutab Minar and Manas Wild Life Sanctuary

3 〉 Which state is largest Sulphur producer in the India

-- Maharashtra

4 〉 Where Salar Jung Museum is situated

-- Hydrabad

5 〉 Which is the largest island in the world

-- Greenland

6 〉 Which is the largest concentration of tea plantation in India.

-- Assam

7 〉 Which is the first solar city in the India

-- Anandpur Sahib.

8 〉 Which is the largest tunnel in the India

-- The Jawahar tunnel

9 〉 What is the color of loamy soil

-- Yellowish brown

10 〉 Where Obra Thermal power station located

-- Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh.

11 〉 Which state is lowest population density in the India

-- Arunachal Pradesh

1 〉 Which is the largest empire in history by population

-- British Empire

2 〉 Which is the biggest empire in the India

-- Maurya Empire

3 〉 Which is the first protest in the history

-- Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783

4 〉 Which is the oldest civilization in the world

-- The Mesopotamian Civilization

5 〉 Where was the capital of the Magadh

-- Pataliputra

6 〉 How old is Ujjain city

-- 5000 years old

7 〉 Who is the first king of the India

-- The great ruler Chandragupta Maurya

8 〉 Who won the first world war

-- Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States.

9 〉 When east India company came to India

-- August 24, 1608, at the port of Surat.

10 〉 Where did the Dutch establish their earliest factory in the India

-- Masulipattanam

11 〉 Which lady known as 'lady with lamp'

-- Florence Nightingale

Many important persons contribute work and time in there respective fields. This one liners knowledge helpful for many competitive and government exams.

1 〉 Father of Medicine

-- Hippocrates

2 〉 Father of Sociology

-- Augustus Comte

3 〉 Father of History

-- Herodotus

4 〉 Father of Surgery

-- Sushrutaa Samhita

5 〉 Father of Ayurveda

-- Charaka

6 〉 Father of Democracy

-- Cleisthenes

7 〉 Father of Computer Science

-- Alan Turing

8 〉 Father of Mathematics

-- Pythagorus

9 〉 Father of Genetics

-- Gregor Mendel

10 〉 Father of Psychology

-- Sigmund Freud

1 〉 Which city in The India became UNESCO City of Music

-- Srinagar

2 〉 Which CM distributed smart health card

-- Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik

3 〉 Which city in The India became UNESCO City of Film

-- Mumbai

4 〉 Which city in The India became UNESCO City of Gastronomy

-- Hyderabad

5 〉 What is the rank of The India in The Climate change performance index 2021

-- 10th

6 〉 Which state launched scheme Shramik Mitra Scheme

-- Delhi

7 〉 Who became the brand ambassador of amway company India

-- Amitabh Bachchan

8 〉 Who was appointed as the chief of CISF

-- Sheel Vardhan Singh

9 〉 Who inaugurated the Vajra festival at Mathura

-- Yogi Adityanath

10 〉 Who was appointed as the new chief of NDRF

-- Atul Karwal

Current Affair highlights on 11.11.2021 . For explanation for any question read the current affairs notes on 11 November, 2021

1 〉 When is National Education Day?

-- November 11

2 〉 When will the 52nd edition of the International Film Festival of India to be held in Goa?

-- November 20th

3 〉 Who is the top-ranked Indian batsman on ICC T20I Batting Rankings?

-- KL Rahul

4 〉 Who has been appointed as the new Director-General of Narcotics Control Bureau?

-- Satya Narayan Pradhan

5 〉 . Which nation became the 101st member country of the International Solar Alliance?

-- United States (US)

6 〉 When was the National Achievement Survey (NAS) 2021 held?

-- November 12th

7 〉 Which nation has passed a ‘historical resolution’ boosting its President's authority?

-- China

8 〉 When will be the longest lunar eclipse of the 21st century?

-- November 19th

9 〉 Who has become the fastest player to score 2500 runs in T20Is?

-- Babar Azam

10 〉 Who will lead the Indian men's junior hockey team in the FIH Junior Hockey World Cup 2021 in Bhubaneswar?

-- Vivek Sagar Prasad

11 〉 Who will lead Team India in the first test match against New Zealand on November 25th?

-- Ajinkya Rahane

12 〉 India's first world-class railway station will be inaugurated in which city on November 15?

-- Bhopal

1 〉 After how many years Olympic games are held

-- 4 [four] years

2 〉 How many countries are in the Olympics 2021

-- 206 (including EOR team)

3 〉 How many sports are in the Olympics 2021

-- 33 Sports

4 〉 Who won the first gold medal in Olympics in the world

-- In 1952, Josy Barthel

5 〉 Which country has most Olympic winners up to 2021

-- United States [Gold-1180, Total Medals-2980]

6 〉 How many rings do the Olympics flag contain?

-- 5 [Five]

7 〉 The IOC redistributes 90% of its revenue, meaning that every day the equivalent of over ------------- is distributed to support athletes and sports organizations at all levels around the world.

-- USD 3.4 million

8 〉 Establishment of International Olympic Community

-- 23 June 1894

9 〉 Types of Olympic games

-- The summer games, winter games, and Paralympic Games.

10 〉 Gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded to the top finishers in every event at the Olympic Games - a tradition that began at

-- The St. Louis 1904 Olympic Games.

1 〉 What kind of sources are required for Young's Double Slit experiment?

-- Coherent

2 〉 When does a normal conductor become a superconductor?

-- At critical temperature

3 〉 The magnitude of average value of S at a point is called as ______

-- Intensity of radiation

4 〉 Unit of Poynting Vector is _____

-- watt/m2

5 〉 A man waves his arm while walking. This is _____

-- to balance the effect of earth's gravity.

6 〉 The process of cooling down bosons is called and the product formed is called_.

-- a] Bose- Einstein condensation, b] Bose- Einstein condensate.

7 〉 Which radical is generated in water by x-ray?

-- The highly active OH

8 〉 When the momentum of a body is doubled, its kinetic energy___

-- Remain the same

9 〉 The spherical surface of lens results in _____?

-- Having a narrow range of focal length

10 〉 The moderator commonly used is ___?

-- Graphite

1 〉 Who is the author of the book 'The English Teacher'?

-- R K Narayan

2 〉 The book 'A History of the Sikhs' is written by?

-- Khushwant Singh

3 〉 Who is the author of 'Pathway to God'?

-- Mahatma Gandhi

4 〉 Who has authored the book titled 'India's 71-Year Test: The Journey to Triumph in Australia'?

-- R Kaushik

5 〉 The book 'One Indian Girl' is written by?

-- Chetah Bhagat

6 〉 Neela Charid which won the vyas samman in 1992 is written by?

-- Shiv Prasad Singh

7 〉 The book 'Discovery of India' is written by?

-- Jawaharlal Nehru

8 〉 Famous book 'India of our Dreams' is written by?

-- M.V. Kamath

9 〉 Who is the author of 'Koonalamma Padalu'?

-- Arudra

10 〉 Famous book 'The Return of the Native' is written by?

-- Thomas Hardy

Geography of india important questions for competitive exams

1 〉 The study of Lakes is called

-- Limnology

2 〉 India's Coastline is

-- 7516.6 km

3 〉 Largest Man-Made Lake

-- Govind Sagar

4 〉 Soil Salinity is measured by

-- Conductivity

5 〉 Which hill station is called the Queen of Satpuda?

-- Panchmadi

6 〉 Loktak is a -

-- Lake

7 〉 The Highest Plateau of India is

-- Ladakh Plateau

8 〉 Another Name of Greater Himalayas is

-- Himadri

9 〉 Gadwin austin is a

-- Peak

10 〉 Which Himalayan Peak is also called Sagarmatha?

-- Mount Everest

11 〉 The variety of coffee, largely grown in india is -

-- Arabica and Robusta

1 〉 Round or oval bodies as they lack cell wall. So shape is not fixed.

-- Mycoplasmas

2 〉 Branching filamentous bacteria

-- Actinomycetes

3 〉 Comma shaped bacteria

-- Vibrio

4 〉 Spiral (Helical) or spring shaped bacteria look like corkscrews

-- Spirilla

5 〉 Rod shaped or cylindrical bacteria

-- Bacilli

6 〉 Bacteria spherical or round in shape

-- Cocci

7 〉 It is staining method which differentiates morphologically similar organisms, by staining with more than one stain

-- Differential staining

8 〉 It is culture which contains growth of two or more organisms

-- Mixed culture

9 〉 It is macroscopic growth of single microscopic cell that grows on solid growth medium

-- Colony

10 〉 All those organisms which do not require air i.e. molecular oxygen for survival , metabolism and growth

-- Anaerobes

11 〉 All those organisms which require air i.e. molecular oxygen for survival, metabolism and growth

-- Aerobes

Cancer is a generic term for a large group of diseases that can affect any part of the body. Other terms used are malignant tumours and neoplasms. One defining feature of cancer is the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries, and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs

1 〉 cancer derived from germ cell which are commonly found in the brain of young ages.

-- Germinoma

2 〉 Cancer of skin that develops when melanocytes (the cells that give the skin its tan or brown color) start to grow out of control.

-- Melanoma

3 〉 cancer of the immune system that starts in plasma cells ( WBC)

-- Myeloma

4 〉 Cancer of the immune system that starts in the lymph glands or cells of the lymphatic system

-- Lymphoma

5 〉 Cancer of bone marrow, which creates blood cells

-- Leukemia

6 〉 Cancer of connective tissues such as bones, muscles, cartilage, and blood vessels.

-- Sarcoma

7 〉 Cancer that starts in the ectoderm or endoderm of epithelial cells of skin or the tissues that line other organs

-- Carcinoma

1 〉 Indicated for the short term treatment of apnea of prematurity in infants and off label for the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia caused by premature birth. broad range of over the counter uses, and is found in energy supplements, athletic enhancement products, pain relief products, as well as cosmetic products.

-- Caffeine

2 〉 Antineoplastic Agents which is specific tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor that is used in the therapy of Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumors

-- Imatinib

3 〉 Helpful in some with depression. It may also be useful in the treatment of vitiligo. may exacerbate tardive dyskinesia in some schizophrenic patients and in some who have used neuroleptic drugs

-- Phenylalanine

4 〉 Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions

-- Aspirin

5 〉 An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.

-- Donepezil

Health education one-liners (important short answer questions) for basic revisions and practice.

1 〉 It is isolation of infected individual such that he does not mingle with others till the incubation period of infecting microorganism is over

-- QUARENTINE

2 〉 It is a period between entry of an infectious agent in the body till the onset of symptoms of disease

-- INCUBATION PERIOD

3 〉 It is defined as an individual possessing infectious agent without suffering from disease but capable of transmitting the disease to others

-- CARRIERS

4 〉 It is an infectious disease of animals through which it affects human being

-- ZOONOTIC

5 〉 It is an epidemic disease occurring in animal

-- EPIZOOTIC

6 〉 It is a disease introduced from foreign land (region)

-- EXOTIC

7 〉 It is a disease which spread from one country to other in short time or occurs in different countries at the same time

-- PANDEMIC

8 〉 It is quick and rapid spread of disease in smaller area on mass scale

-- EPIDEMIC

9 〉 Disease restricted to particular area in relatively lower layer throughout the year

-- ENDEMIC

10 〉 It is an occasional occurrence of disease in few individuals in scattered or isolated area and occurs at intervals

-- SPORADIC

11 〉 It is an infection along with the contagious disease

-- COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

12 〉 It is a disease which is transmitted from one person to another by direct contact

-- CONTAGIOUS DISEASE

1 〉 The junction of a post-ga1nglionic axonal terminal with its effector cell is termed a neuroeffector junction.

-- Neuroeffector junction

2 〉 Nerves that convey impulses from the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to muscles, glands and other effector organs

-- Efferent (Motor)

3 〉 Nerves that convey flow of impulse from peripheral to CNS.

-- Afferent (Sensory)

Here are some Important short forms for scientific terms, substances or organisations.

1 〉 Abbreviation RBC is used for?

-- Red Blood Corpuscle

2 〉 Full form of G.S.L.V.

-- Geo-synchronous satellite launch Vehicle

3 〉 I.R.B.M. stands for -

-- Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile

4 〉 Full form of I.A.E.A. is-

-- International Atomic Energy Agency

5 〉 M.O.M. stands for-

-- Mars Orbiter Mission

6 〉 DNA is -

-- Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

7 〉 What is D.D.T. and what is the full form of D.D.T?

-- Disinfectant, Dichloro-Diphenyl Trichloro ethane

8 〉 What is the full form of C.S.I.R.?

-- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

9 〉 What is B.C.G.?

-- Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (antitubercular vaccine)

10 〉 B.A.R.K. stands for-

-- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

11 〉 I.S.R.O stands for -

-- Indian Space Research Organisation

Important oneLiner questions on Political sciences (India) , Indian polity.

1 〉 Total No. of Schedule in Constitution of India is:

-- 12

2 〉 Which constitutional Article defines the Panchayat Raj ?

-- Article 243

3 〉 National Commission for SC and ST shall be made by which constitutional institution ?

-- Parliament

4 〉 Which Constitutional Article lays down the provision for a national Commission for SC and ST ?

-- Article 338

5 〉 How many fundamental rights in Indian constitution ?

-- 7 fundamental rights in India

6 〉 Who wrote Indian Constitution?

-- Prem Behari Narain Raizada

7 〉 How many articles are in Indian Constitution?

-- 395

2 〉 The hardest substance available on earth is

-- diamond

3 〉 Washing soda is the common name for

-- sodium carbonate

4 〉 The gas usually filled in the electric bulb is

-- nitrogen

5 〉 Chemical formula for water is.

-- h2o

6 〉 Graphite most use in?

-- pencils

7 〉 Brass gets discoloured in air because of the presence of which of the following gases in air?

-- Hydrogen sulphide

8 〉 Which of the following is a non metal that remains liquid at room temperature?

-- bromine

1 〉 The largest human cell ?

-- ovum

1 〉 What is the name of the cells in the body that engulf foreign particales like bacteria?

-- phagocytes

1 〉 Which animal never drinks water in its entire life?

-- kangaroo rat

1 〉 What is the physical phase of life called?

-- protoplasm

1 〉 The largest cell is -----------?

-- the egg of an ostrich

In this post we have included static GK questions and answers related to some important books and authors.

1 〉 The Book "The Flinker Question" is written by?

-- Howard Jacobson

2 〉 Who is author of the book " Songs of Blood and Sword" ?

-- Fatima Bhutto

3 〉 Author of the book "The Asian Judgement : The Rise of China, India and Japan"?

-- Brahma Chelani

4 〉 Who was the author of "Gita-Govinda"?

-- JayaDeva

5 〉 Who is the author of the book " Without Fear"?

-- Kuldeep Nayar

6 〉 The Book "confessions of a secular fundamentalist is written by-

-- Mani Shankar Aiyar

7 〉 The Book " what I require from life" has been Written by?

-- J.B.S. Haldane

8 〉 Who is the author of the book " The Red Sari"?

-- Javior Moro

9 〉 Who is the author of the book "Our Choice"?

-- AI Gore

10 〉 The Author of the book "Jyoti Punj"

-- Narendra Modi

11 〉 Author of the Book "let us kill Gandhi"

-- Tushar A. Gandhi

12 〉 Who is the author of the book "Small Island"?

-- Andrea Levy

13 〉 Who is the author of the book "Small Island"?

-- John Banville

These questions are from hospital and clinical pharmacy topic. These important points will help every pharmacist to revise update their knowledge or to pass most of pharmacy exams.

1 〉 Griseofulvin is better absorbed in

-- Presence of fatty meal

2 〉 Death due to cyanide poisoning results from

-- Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase

3 〉 The antidote used in the lead poisoning

-- Potassium permanganate

4 〉 Belladona plaster is used as

-- Counter irritant in rheumatism and neuralgia

5 〉 Cheese is not given with MAO inhibitors because there is a risk of

-- Hypertensive crisis

6 〉 Normal heamatocrit value is

-- 40-54%

7 〉 Volkman's spoon is used

-- To collect fluid from cavity

8 〉 Hepatitis B virus is a

-- DNA Virus

9 〉 The latin word 'Ad libitum' means

-- As much as you please

These are some 50+ important general knowledge questions, which should be memorized to everybody for general awareness and exam point of view.

1 〉 When is International Human Solidarity Day observed?

-- December 20

2 〉 Which decade is celebrated as United Nations Decade for Women?

-- 1976-1985

3 〉 The biggest lake in India is

-- Chilka Lake

4 〉 Which Sanskrit poet called as the Indian Shakespeare?

-- Kalidas

5 〉 Sufi Kalam, a type of devotional music, is the characteristic of which state?

-- Kashmir

6 〉 Which Indian revolutionary helped Subhash Chandra Bose in raising ‘Indian National Army’ ?

-- Rasbehari Bose

7 〉 The Karakoram Highway connects which pairs of countries?

-- China-Pakistan

8 〉 The country through which both Equator and Tropic of Capricorn passes

-- Brazil

9 〉 Why was the Panchayati Raj System adopted?

-- Decentralise the power of democracy

10 〉 ‘Caldera’ is a feature associated with which thing?

-- Volcanoes

11 〉 Which type of coal is difficult to light in the open air?

-- Peat

12 〉 Silk textiles are mainly produced in which countries?

-- China and India

13 〉 We cannot see during a fog. why?

-- Because of scattering of light

14 〉 The Portuguese traveller, Nuniz visited Vijayanagar during the reign of which rular?

-- Achyuta Raya

15 〉 ORT (Oral Rehydration Therapy) is associated with the treatment of which disease?

-- Diarrhea

16 〉 In India, the concept of single citizenship is adopted from which country?

-- England

17 〉 Which language was used in the literature of Sangam period?

-- Tamil

18 〉 Who is popularly known as ‘Nightingale of India’ ?

-- Sarojini Naidu

19 〉 What is an essential attribute of inflation?

-- Increase in prices

20 〉 What is the characteristic odour of garlic?

-- A sulphur compound

21 〉 Amarya Sen, the NRI Nobel laureate got the honor for which work?

-- Poverty and famines

22 〉 Which Article of the Constitution of India makes a specific mention of Village Panchayats ?

-- Article 40

23 〉 The greatest threat to organisms and biodiversity in which process?

-- Process of habitat loss

24 〉 In ancient India, at where was the earliest capital of Magadha kingdom?

-- Rajgir

25 〉 How many islands of India are located in the Bay of Bengal?

-- 204

26 〉 Thermal decomposition of alkanes is known as which name?

-- Cracking

27 〉 Which oxyacid of halogen has maximum acidic nature?

-- HClO₄

28 〉 Which Union Territory attained statehood in February, 1987 ?

-- Goa

29 〉 With which river is the Omkareshwar Project associated?

-- Narmada

30 〉 Which Rashtrakuta ruler established a victory pillar in Rameshwaram?

-- Krishna III

31 〉 The book ‘Diplomatic Encounter’ has been written by which author?

-- Arundhati Roy

32 〉 Who is the author of the book ‘The Rights of Man’?

-- Thomas Paine

33 〉 Who was the last of the 24th Jain Tirthankaras?

-- Mahavira

34 〉 Which site, where Ashokan pillars exist, has the bull capital?

-- Rampurva

35 〉 Study of growth and development of embryo is called

-- Embryology

36 〉 Which metal is non toxic in nature?

-- Gold

37 〉 The first railway line in India was opened in which year?

-- 1853

38 〉 Which foreign country is closest to Andaman Islands?

-- Myanmar

39 〉 With which country is “Orange’ Revolution” associated?

-- Ukraine

40 〉 Who appoints the Chief Election Commissioner of India?

-- President

41 〉 Where is the Sargasso sea located?

-- North Atlantic Ocean

42 〉 Which rocks transformes into marble?

-- Limestone

43 〉 Which type of glass is used for making glass reinforced plastic?

-- Quartz glass

44 〉 At which one place did Mahatma Gandhi first start his Satyagraha in India?

-- Champaran

45 〉 ‘Gobar gas’ contains mainly which gas?

-- Methane

46 〉 Which country is the largest producer of Bauxite?

-- Australia

47 〉 Which tree requiring minimum water for its growth?

-- Babul

48 〉 Which bank is the Banker of the Banks?

-- RBI

49 〉 The first talkie film of India was

-- Alam Ara

50 〉 Which instrument used for finding out wind-direction?

-- wind vane

51 〉 Who decides the number of Judges in a High Court?

-- President

52 〉 Folk painting ‘Madhubani’ is famous in which state?

-- Bihar

1 〉 किस रंग का कांच में प्रकाश की चाल सबसे कम तथा अपवर्तनांक सबसे अधिक होता है?

-- बैंगनी रंग

2 〉 लाइकेन में किनके मध्य सहजीविता (symbiosis) होती है?

-- कवक और शैवाल (Algae and Fungus)

3 〉 परमाणु शक्ति सयंत्र (nuclear power plant) किस सिद्धान्त पर कार्य करता है?

-- परमाणु विखंडन ( nuclear fission ) सिद्धान्त पर

4 〉 हरितलवक(क्लोरोफिल) में कौन सा धातु आयन पाया जाता है?

-- मैग्नीशियम (Mg)

5 〉 लहसुन का खाने योग्य भाग क्या कहलाता है?

-- शल्की

6 〉 तत्व ₉₂U²³⁵ में प्रोटॉन की संख्या क्या है?

-- 92

7 〉 जब प्रकाश हीरे से कांच में जाता है तो कैसा परिवर्तन होता है?

-- पूर्ण आंतरिक परावर्तन (total internal reflection)

8 〉 रॉकेट को चलाने में प्रयुक्त ईंधन क्या कहलाता है?

-- प्रणोदक (propellant)

9 〉 गाय तथा भैंस के थनों में दूध (milk) उतारने के लिए किस हॉर्मोन की सुई (injection) लगाई जाती है?

-- ऑक्सीटोसिन (Oxitocin Hormone)

10 〉 तड़ित चालक का अविष्कार किसने किया?

-- बेंजामिन फ्रेंक्लिन (Benjamin Franklin) ने

11 〉 सबसे अधिक सक्रिय धातु कौन सा है?

-- सोडियम (sodium)

12 〉 सोडियम धातु को कहाँ या कैसे रखा जाता है ?

-- मिट्टी के तेल (Kerosene) में

13 〉 प्याज़ और लहसुन में गंध किस तत्व की उपस्थिति के कारण होती है?

-- सल्फर (Sulfur)

14 〉 सबसे कम विशिष्ट प्रतिरोध किस धातु का होता है?

-- चांदी (Silver)

15 〉 मिराण्डा (miranda) किस ग्रह का उपग्रह है?

-- यूरेनस (Urenus) का

16 〉 एटलस (Atlas) किस ग्रह का उपग्रह है?

-- शनि ग्रह (saturn)

17 〉 फ्यूज़ का सिद्धांत किस पर आधारित है?

-- विद्युत के ऊष्मीय प्रभाव पर

18 〉 मनुष्य में पाचन क्रिया कहां प्रारंभ होती है?

-- मुख में (in oral cavity ) , लार द्वारा ( by saliva )

19 〉 अंडे का बाह्य खोल प्रमुखतः किसका बना होता है?

-- कैल्शियम कार्बोनेट (calcium carbonate)

20 〉 चुम्बकशीलता का मात्रक क्या है?

-- हेनरी/मीटर (H/m)

21 〉 किस रुधिर ग्रुप (blood group) को सर्वदाता ग्रुप (universal donar) कहते हैं

-- ब्लड ग्रुप O

22 〉 मकड़ी कीट से भिन्न होती है क्योंकि मकड़ी में पाई जाती हैं -

-- आठ टांगे

23 〉 मुख के द्वारा ली जाने वाली गर्भ निरोधक गोलियाँ किसका निरोध करती हैं?

-- अण्डोत्सर्जन का (ovulation)

24 〉 किस रोग को ल्युकेमिया भी कहा जाता है?

-- रक्त कैंसर (blood cancer)

25 〉 अस्थाई चुम्बक किस पदार्थ से बनाया जाता है?

-- नर्म लोहे से

These are some important completion type (fill in the blanks) questions (one liners) from the diploma in pharmacy text books, which will help you to revise the most of Immunology concepts. Refer Pharmaceutics - I textbook (Diploma in Pharmacy) and see the chapter 👉Immunity and immunological products.