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The binding of drug or any compound to proteins in the body is called as protein binding.

Example: Binding of drug to albumin and binding of drug to a and glycoprotein.

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The methods for determination of complexes are as follows:

1. Method of continuous variation
2. pH titration method
3. Solubility method 
4. Distribution method.

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Different types of inclusion complexes and their examples are as follows:

(i) Channel lattice type- Paraffins in deoxycholic acid

(ii) Layer type - Montmorillite clays

(iii) Clathrates - Warfarin sodium

(iv) Manomolecular type - Drug in B-cyclo-

dextrin.

Ans.: (i) Covalent or co-ordinate bonds
(ii) Van der Waals forces
(iii)Ion dipole, dipole-dipole and dipole induced dipole
(iv) Hydrogen bonding.

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Chelation is a type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions. It involves the formation or presence of two or more separate coordinate bonds between a polydentate ligand and a single central atom. These ligands are called chelants, chelators, chelating agents or sequestering agents.

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Chelate, any of a class of coordination or complex compounds consisting of a central metal atom attached to a large molecule, called a ligand in a cyclic or ring structure. An example of a chelate ring occurs in the ethylenediamine-cadmium complex.

Chelation: It is the formation or presence of two or more separate coordinating bonds between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central atom.

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Complexation is the combination of individual atom groups, ions or molecules to create one large ion or molecule. One atom or ion is the focal point of the complex. This central atom contains empty electron orbitals that enable bonding with other atoms as well as unshared electrons.

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Types of Glassy States: Following are the different types of glassy states:

• Formation of glass from crystalline materials: Actual formation of a glass formed by melting crystalline materials at very high temperatures.
• Glassy states of polymers cooled below (Ts) : It consists of polymers which have been cooled below the glass transition temperature (Tg). Thus these structures consists of fibrous structures of carbon atoms with small lateral branches in the form of hydrogen atoms or more complex radicals.
• Glassy states of inorganic compounds: It consists of refractory inorganic compounds of multivalent elements. These glasses in the stabilized state have the most thermostable chemical structure e.g., Silicon dioxide SiO, is as important constituent of glass.

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Types of Crystals: Types of crystals are described as belows:

1. Lyotropic Liquid Crystals

2. Thermotropic Liquid Crystals

3. Metallotropic Liquid Crystals

1. Lyotropic Liquid Crystals :

(i) A lyotropic liquid crystals consists of two or more components that exhibit-crystalline properties in certain concentration ranges.

(ii) In the lyotropic phases, solvent molecules fill the space around the compounds to provide fluidity to the system. In contrast to thermotropic liquid crystal, these lyotropic have another degree of freedom of concentration that enables them to induce a variety of different phases.

(iii) A compound that has two immiscible hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts within the same molecule is called an amphiphilic molecule.

(iv) Many amphiphilic molecules show lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase sequences depending on the volume balances between the hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part.

2. Thermotropic Liquid Crystals :

(i) Thermotropic phases are those that occur in a certain temperature range. If the temperature rise is too high, thermal motion will destroy the delicate cooperative ordering of the LC phase, pushing the material into a conventional isotropic liquid phase.

(ii) At too low temperature, most LC materials will form a conventional crystal. Many thermotropic LCs exhibit a variety of phases as temperature is changed.

(iii) Depending on the shape of liquid crystals they are of three types:

• Smectic phase-thread like
• Nematic phase-soap like
• Cholesteric phase-layered

3. Metallotropic Liquid Crystals:

1. Liquid crystal phases can also be based on low-melting inorganic phases like ZnCl, that have a structure formed of linked tetrahedra and easily form glasses. The addition of long chain slap-like molecules leads to a series of new phases that show a variety of liquid crystalline behaviour both as a function of the inorganic-organic composition ratio and of temperature. This class of materials has been named metallo-tropic.
2. Thus a metallotropic liquid crystal consists of metal ions incorporated into the liquid crystals.

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Liquid Crystals:

1. Liquid crystals (LCs) or mesomorphs are a state of matter which has properties between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals. For instance, a liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a crystal-like way.

There are many different types of liquid-crystal phases, which can be distinguished by their different optical properties (such as textures). The contrasting areas in the textures correspond to domains where the liquid-crystal molecules are oriented in different directions. Within a domain, however, , the molecules are well ordered. LC materials may not always be in a liquid-crystal phase (just as water may turn into ice or steam).

2. Liquid crystals can be divided into thermotropic, lyotropic and metallotropic phases. Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals consists mostly of organic molecules, although a few minerals are also known.

Thermotropic LCs exhibit a phase transition into the liquid-crystal phase as temperature is changed. Lyotropic LCs exhibit phase transitions as a function of both temperature and concentration of the liquid-crystal molecules in a solvent (typically water).

Metallotropic LCs are composed of both organic and inorganic molecules, their liquid-crystal transition depends not only on temperature and concen-tration, but also on the inorganic organic composition ratio.

Glassy States:

1. Glass is a state of matter. Glasses combine some properties of crystals and some of liquids but are distinctly different from both. Glasses have the mechanical rigidity of crystals, but the random disordered arrangement of molecules that characterises liquids.

2. Glasses are usually formed by melting crystalline materials at very high temperatures. When the melt coils, the atoms are locked into a random (disordered) state before they can form into a perfect crystal arrangement.

3. As a liquid (at the melting temperature, Tm) is cooled from a high temperature, it may either crystallise or become super cooled. The particles (atoms, molecules or ions) forming crystalline materials are arranged in orderly repeating patterns, with elementary building blocks (unit cells extending to all three spatial

dimensions.

4.The structures of crystalline solids depends (predictably) on the chemistry of the material and the conditions of solidification (starting temperature and cooling rate, ambient pressures etc.) and can be described easily in detail. Super cooled liquids, on the other hand, demonstrate a rather intringing behaviour.

5. Upon further cooling below the T their particles progressively lose translational mobility, so that around the so called glass transition temperature (Ty) rearrangement to "regular" lattice sites is practically unfeasible; this behaviour is distinctive for the amorphous structures described as glasses or vitreous solids.

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1. Complex liquids or liquid complexes are materials intermediate between conventional liquids and solids, displaying fluid-like as well as solid-like behaviour.

Examples are polymeric melts or solutions, glasses, gels, foams and granular matter. Many of these systems are inherently disordered and strongly heterogeneous with large fluctuations on a wide range of length and time-scales. Furthermore many complex fluids, such as glasses or gels, never relax to equilibrium, which makes a theoretical analysis difficult.

2. Thus, these are binary mixtures that have a coexistence between two phases: solid-liquid (suspensions or solutions of macromolecules such as polymers), solid-gas (granular), liquid-gas (foams) or liquid-liquid (emulsions). They exhibit unusual mechanical responses that are applied stress or strain due to the geometrical constraints that the phase coexistence imposes. They mechanical response includes transitions between solid-like and fluid-like. behaviour as well as fluctuations.Their mechanical properties can be attributed to characteristics such as high disorder, caging, and clustering on multiple length scales.

3. Shaving cream is an example of a complex fluid. Without stress, the foam appears to be a solid: it does not flow and can support (very) light loads.

However, when adequate stress is applied, shaving cream flows easily like.

a fluid.

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Methods for Measuring Vapour Pressure: Vapour pressure of liquids are measured by static and dynamic methods as follows:

1. Static method:

This is a simple method for determination of vapour pressure. A sufficient amount of liquid whose vapour pressure is to be determined is placed in the bulb connected to a mercury manometer and a vacuum pump. All the air from the bulb is removed with the help of the vacuum pump and the stop cock is closed. A part of the liquid evaporates. The system is then maintained at a fixed temperature for enough time for equilibrium. The difference in the levels of mercury in the manometer is equal to the vapour pressure of the liquid.

Dynamic Method:

An inert gas is passed through a given liquid at a constant temperature (T). The gas saturated with the vapour of the liquid leaves the flask at the exit tube. This method is particularly useful for liquids of low vapour pressure.

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Characteristics of gas: A gas consists of molecules separated wide apart in empty space.

They have the following characteristics:

• They have infinite expansibility. They expand to occupy the entire volume of the container in which they are stored.
• They can be compressed by application of pressure.
• They exert pressure on the walls of the container in all directions.

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• Maxwell and Boltzmann in 1859 developed a mathematical theory to explain the behaviour of gases. It is based on the concept that gas is made of a large number of molecules in a perpetual motion. This theory is therefore called as kinetic theory of gases.
The theory is based on the following assumptions:

1. A gas consists of extremely small discrete particles dispersed throughout the container.

2. Gas molecules are in constant random motion with high velocities.

3.Gas molecules can move freely, independent of each other.

4. There is no loss of kinetic energy of a molecule during a collision.

5. The pressure of a gas is due to the striking of gas molecules on the walls of the container.

6. The average kinetic energy molecules is the same at a given temperature.

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Sublimation:

Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.

It is an endothermic process that occurs at temperatures and pressures below a substance's triple point in its phase diagram, which corresponds to the lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid.

The reverse process of sublimation is deposition or desublimation, in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase.

Sublimation has also been used as a generic term to describe a solid-to-gas transition (sublimation) followed by a gas-to-solid transition (deposition).

The term sublimation refers to a physical change of state and is not used to describe the transformation of a solid to a gas in a chemical reaction. For example, the dissociation on heating of solid ammonium chloride into hydrogen chloride and ammonia is not sublimation but a chemical reaction.

Sublimation is caused by the absorption of heat which provides enough energy for some molecules to overcome the attractive forces of their neighbours and escape into the vapour phase.

Since the process requires additional energy, it is an endothermic change.
The enthalpy of sublimation (also called heat of sublimation) can be calculated by adding the enthalpy of fusion and the enthalpy of vaporization.

Ans.: SSC CHSL Educational Qualification: The Candidates must have passed the 12th Standard or equivalent examination from a recognized Board or University.

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Vapour Pressure:

When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it evaporates. The molecules of a liquid move with different kinetic energies. Those molecules which possess higher kinetic energies manage to overcome the intermolecular forces holding them in a liquid and thus escape from the liquid surface as vapours. The process by which the molecules of a liquid go into the gaseous state is called vaporisation or evaporation.

If the liquid is placed in a closed vessel, the vapours escape into the empty spaces above the liquid but as the concentration of the liquid molecules in the empty spaces increases the molecules strike on the walls of the vessel and get converted back into liquid. This process is called as condensation. Thus a dynamic equilibrium is established between the liquid and vapour at a given temperature. Now the concentration of the vapour in. the space above the liquid remains unchanged with the lapse of time. This vapour will exert a definite pressure at equilibrium. The pressure exerted by the vapour in equilibrium with the liquid is called as vapour pressure.

Factors affecting vapour pressure:

Factors affecting vapour pressure are discussed as follows:

Nature of the liquid: The vapour pressure exerted by a liquid depends on its nature. Liquids with a low boiling point will have a high vapour pressure.

Intermolecular forces of attraction: Liquids with weak intermolecular forces of attraction evaporate faster and then have a high vapour pressure.

Temperature: If the temperature of the liquid increases, the vapour pressure also increases. An increase, in temperature increases the kinetic energies of more molecules and hence more of them leave the liquid thereby increasing the vapour pressure.

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Changes in the States of matter:

•  Changes can occur in the states of matter either by heating or cooling. It can result in a physical or chemical change.

Physical change is that when only the state of the substance changes, without any change in the chemical composition.

• The process in which solid changes to a liquid is called as melting.
• The process in which liquid changes to a solid is called as freezing.
• The process in which liquid changes to a vapour is called as evaporation.
• The process in which vapour changes to a liquid is called as condensation.
• The process in which solid changes to a vapour is called as sublimation.
• Chemical change occurs when a substance changes into a new substance. It is indicated by change in the density, melting point of the original substance.

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Matter: Matter can be defined as a substance that has a mass and that requires space. The matter is made up of infinitesimally small atoms, which are in a continuous state of motion.

Classification of matter on the basis of state:

Matter can be classified on the basis of state into three categories :

Gas: It consists of molecules separated wide apart in empty spaces. These molecules are free to move in the container.

(ii) Liquid: The molecules in a liquid are comparatively closer to each other than gaseous molecules. They also have the freedom of movement within the system.

(iii) Solids: The molecules, atoms or ions are arranged in a certain order in fixed positions in the crystal lattice. They however do not have the freedom of movement.

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• The dipole moment of substance can be experimentally determined with the help of an electrical condenser. The parallel plates of the condenser can be charged by connecting them to storage battery. When the condenser is charged, an electric field is set up with field strength equal to the applied voltage (V) divided by distance (d) between the plates.
• The dipoles (polar substances) when placed between the changed plates, will rotate and align with the negative and towards positive plate and positive and towards the negative plate. Thus, all the molecules will align themselves in the electric field.
• The plates are charged to a voltage V before the introduction of the polar substance. They are then disconnected from the battery.

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 The degree of adsorption of gas by solid depends on the chemical nature of

adsorbent (material used to adsorb the gas) and the adsorbate (substance being adsorbed), the surface area of the adsorbent, the temperature and partial pressure of the gas.

This type of adsorption called as physical adsorption is associated with Van der Waals forces. It is reversible and removal of adsorbate from adsorbent is called as desorption.

A physically adsorbed gas may be desorbed from a solid by increasing temperature and pressure. Chemiosorption is a process where adsorbate is attached to adsorbent by primary chemical bonds.

The relationship between the amount of gas physically adsorbed on a solid and equilibrium pressure or concentration at constant temperature yields an adsorption isotherm.

An isotherm is defined as a plot.at constant temperature. The number of moles, gm or ml 'x of gas adsorbed on 'm' grams of adsorbent at STP (standard temperature and pressure) is plotted on the vertical axis against the equilibrium pressure of the gas in mm of Hg on horizontal axis.

Adsorption data can be measured by an apparatus called as 'Quantasorb'. It essentially consists of a balance contained within a vacuum system. The solid previously degassed is placed on the pan and known amount of gas at a known pressure is allowed to enter.

The increase in weight at the corresponding equilibrium gas pressure is recorded. This may be achieved by extension of a calibrated quartz spring used to suspend the pan containing the sample.

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Adsorption onto the solid surface of molecules dissolved in solution may occur if solute molecules and solid surface have chemical groups capable of interacting. In addition, non-specific or general adsorption may also occur if solute is surface active.

Adsorption from solution is usually more complex than from a gas because of solvent and other components present in the system. Adsorption from solutions may be measured by separation of solid and solution and estimating the amount of adsorbate adhering to solid or the loss in concentration of adsorbate from solution phase.

The solvent can complete for the site of adsorption, it would also determine. escaping tendency of solute i.e., more polar the molecules, less is the adsorption.

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Absorption

• Adsorption is the condition in which the atoms, ions or molecules are absorbed by another substance particularly in the solid liquid material.
• It is a bulk phenomenon.
• Absorption reaction occurs at a uniform reaction rate.
• Absorption is an endothermic process.
• There is no change in concentration.
• The temperature does not effect the adsorption process.
• The adsorption process is applied on cold storage, ice production and in turbine inlet cooling.

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1. Capillary rise method 
   
   
2. DuNOUY tensiometer method
   
    (iii) Drop weight method 
   

   (iv) Drop count method

   (v) Wilhelmy plate method.

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Classification of surface active agents: Surface active agents are classified in the following ways:

On the basis of the chemical nature:

Thus, according to the nature of the hydrophilic groups they are of four types:

Anionic: Where hydrophilic groups carry negative charge on ionization.

Cationic: Where hydrophilic groups carry positive change on ionization.

Non-ionic: Which do not tend to ionize.

Ampholytic: Where positive and negative charge both are present within the surfactant.

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Surfactant:

• Molecules and ions that are adsorbed at the interface are termed as surfactants, surface active agent or amphiphiles. Thus the molecules or ions have a certain affinity for both polar and non-polar solvent. These compounds have structure that contain 2 separate regions, a hydrophilic region which confers on the compound solubility in water and a hydrophobic or lipophilic region in which renders material soluble in hydrocarbon.

• The lipophilic region is expelled from water phases but hydrophilic region prevents the surface active agent to be completely expelled from water phase.
  Because of this dual structure it is energetically favourable for these materials, when dissolved, to adsorb at the interface orienting themselves in such a manner that the regions are with appropriate solvents.

• The addition of a surfactant to water results in their orientation at the surface which also subsequently causes a decrease in the surface tension of water. Hence they are also called as surface active agents.

• Thus all surfactants are characterized by having 2 regions in their molecular structure:

  1. A lyophobic (hydrophobic/lipophilic)region such as hydrocarbon chain with has no affinity for aqueous solvent. 

  
  

  (ii) A lyophilic (hydrophilic) region that has affinity for water.

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 Drop Weight Method (Stalagmo-meter):

• The stalagmometer consist of a glass bulb about 10 cm in capacity with narrow capillary tube joined above and below. 
• The straight parts of the tube above and below are graduated. The liquid whose surface tension is to be determined is sucked into the tube to fill it above the upper fixed mark.
• By adjusting pressure of pinchcock the liquid is allowed to flow out slowly in such a manner that each drop is fully formed to a maximum size at the tip before breaking off. 
• A drop will cling to the end of the tube as long as its mass does not exceed surface tension force.
• In this way the number of drops flowing out as liquid runs down between mark A and B is determined. Usually, volume of liquid (v) between marks A and B would not confined to an integral number of drops of liquid but it would be a whole number plus a fraction of a drop.

This fraction is calculated by noting a number of divisions remaining filled above or below B as last drop flow out and by separately determining the number of divisions equivalent to one drop of liquid.The principle of this method consists of equating weight (w) of fully developed one drop just before it breaks off from the tip with force of surface tension (i.e., 2pir) where 'r' is the radius of exit tip and y is surface tension of liquid.

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Surface Free Energy:

To move a molecule from the inner layers to the surface work needs to be done against the force of surface tension. Thus, the molecule near the surface of liquid have more potential energy as compared to the bulk of the liquid.

As the surface of the liquid increases more will be the energy since this energy is proportional to the size of the free surface energy.

Each molecule of a liquid has tendency to move inside the liquid from the surface thus minimizing the surface free energy. Thus a Liquid droplet tend to assume a spherical shape since sphere has smallest surface area per unit volume.

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Adsorption: When a solid surface is brought in contact with a gas or liquid, molecules from the gas or liquid starts to collect at the surface of the solid. This phenomenon of a collection of gas or liquid molecules on the surface of the solid is known as adsorption. A substance which accumulates on the solid surface as known as adsorbate and the solid surface on which it occurs is known as an adsorbent.

Factors affecting adsorption:

Factors affecting adsorption are given by-

1. Nature of adsorbent

2. Surface area

3. Nature of the gas

4. Exothermie nature

5. Pressure.

1. Nature of Adsorbent:

In general, if a gas is more liquefiable it will be more easily absorbed. For example, gases like NH4, , HCI, Cl2, CO2, which can be liquefied easily are more readily adsorbed on the solids surface rather than permanent gases like 02, H2 etc.

2. Surface Area:

When we increase the surface area of the adsorbent there is an increase in the adsorption of gases. This is because when we increase the surface area there is more number of adsorbing sites. So finely divided solids and some porous substances are good adsorbents.

3. Nature of the gas:

In general, if a gas is more liquefiable it will be more easily absorbed. For example, gases like NH4, HCI, Cl2, CO2, which can be liquefied easily are more readily adsorbed on the solids surface rather than permanent Bases like O2, H2 etc.

4. Exothermic nature:

The heat of adsorption can be defined as he energy liberated when 1 g mol of a gas is liberated on a solid surface.

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1.If excess of spreading material is added, although initial spreading has occurred, saturation takes place and material may coalesce on the surface.
Thus when mutual saturation takes place, spreading coefficient is decreased or becomes negative. In case of organic liquid spread on water, the final spreading coefficient is always negative. Duplex films of this type are unsaturated and form monolayer with excess materials remaining as a less on the surface.

2.The types of molecular structure decide the spreading coefficient. An oil spread over water because it contain polar groups such as - COOH or - OH. Ethyl
alcohol and propionic acid have high value of S. As
number of polar groups increase, there is more spreading on water. As polar/ non-polar character increases, spreading coefficient increases. As the carbon chain of an acid increases, the ratio of polar/non-polar character decreases and spreading coefficient on water decreases.

3. If cohesive force between molecules is less than adhesive force between sublayer and spreading liquid, the liquid spreads e.g., benzene spreads on water not because it is polar but because the cohesive force between its molecules are much weaker than the adhesion for water.
Spreading coefficient has important application in pharmacy e.g., in order for lotion with a mineral oil base to spread freely and evenly on the skin its polarity and hence its spreading coefficient should be increased by addition of surfactan

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Factors Affecting Spreading:

1.If excess of spreading material is added, although initial spreading has occurred, saturation takes place and material may coalesce on the surface.
Thus when mutual saturation takes place, spreading coefficient is decreased or becomes negative. In case of organic liquid spread on water, the final spreading coefficient is always negative. Duplex films of this type are unsaturated and form monolayer with excess materials remaining as a less on the surface.

2.The types of molecular structure decide the spreading coefficient. An oil spread over water because it contain polar groups such as - COOH or - OH. Ethyl
alcohol and propionic acid have high value of S. As
number of polar groups increase, there is more spreading on water. As polar/ non-polar character increases, spreading coefficient increases. As the carbon chain of an acid increases, the ratio of polar/non-polar character decreases and spreading coefficient on water decreases.

3. If cohesive force between molecules is less than adhesive force between sublayer and spreading liquid, the liquid spreads e.g., benzene spreads on water not because it is polar but because the cohesive force between its molecules are much weaker than the adhesion for water.
Spreading coefficient has important application in pharmacy e.g., in order for lotion with a mineral oil base to spread freely and evenly on the skin its polarity and hence its spreading coefficient should be increased by addition of surfactant.

Ans.: Full form of MPPEB - Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board 

Ans.: For MP patwari's job, online registration will start form 5th January 2023 on the MPPEB's official website.

Ans.: 19 January 2023 is the last date to  apply for MP patwari post

Ans.:  United Commercial Bank 

Ans.: B-complex group vitamins are subdivided into energy-releasing ( B1, B2, B6, biotin, etc.) and hematopoietic (folic acid and B12).

Ans.: Vitamin B Complex (B1, B2, B3.......B12), Vitamin C, and vitamin H 

Ans.: vitamin A, Vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K  (VIT. ADEK) 

Ans.: The term vitamers represent the chemically similar substances that possess qualitatively similar vitamin activity. 
Example - 
 1. Retinol, retinal and retinoic acid are vitamers of vitamin A.
 2. Pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are vitamers of vitamin B6.

Ans.: Chennai Super kings is the 5 time runner up in the IPL.

Ans.: Rohit Sharma has won the IPL titles 6 times.

Ans.: Chris gayle leads the chart of the highest number of sixes in IPL withwith 349 sixes.

Ans.:  Lasith Malinga from Mumbai Indians took the maximum number of wickets in the history of IPL with 170 wickets.

Ans.: Virat Kohli is the top run scorer in thr history of IPL with 5878 runs.

Ans.: Mumbai Indians won the maximum IPL titles. (5 times)

Ans.: Swachh Survekshan is an annual survey of cleanliness, hygiene, and sanitation in cities and towns across India. It was launched as part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, which aimed to make India clean and free of open defecation by 2nd October 2019.

Ans.: Apply online from the official website of APPSC https://psc.ap.gov.in from 12th November to 7th December 2021.

Ans.: APPSC will conduct an Objective Type Written Examination (Degree Standard) to select Qualified candidates for selection.

Ans.: Application Fee: Rs. 250/- (For All) and Examination Fee: Rs. 80 (for UR candidates only).

Ans.: Graduation In Respective fields.

Ans.: Apply for these posts in APPSC Recruitment 2021 - Assistant Public Relation Officer (29 posts), Assistant Statistical Officer (29 posts), Food Safety Officer (1 post), Hostel Welfare Officer (2 posts). 

Ans.: APPSC is the abbreviation for Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission.

Ans.: The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the partition of India) took almost three years to draft the constitution holding eleven sessions over a 165- day period.

Ans.: 1.Which of the following technique used for making bronze statues during Harappa civilization?
2.The bust of bearded man figure was found in which of the following archeological site?
3.The stone sculpture of male torso was found in which of the following archeological site?
4.Which of the following raw material was not used by the Indus Valley Civilization?
5.Which of the following artefact of the harappa civilization was mainly used for commercial purpose?


Answers:
1.Lost Wax Casting
2.Mohenjo-Daro
3.Harappa
4.Seal
5.Limestone

Ans.: Small intestine

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Ans.:

Ans.:

Ans.:
Ans... Aerosols

Ans.: The Indian Constitution is the world's longest for a sovereign Nations. At its enactment, it had 395 Article in 22 parts and 8 schedules. At about 145,000 words, it is the second largest active constitution after the Constitution of Alabama in the world.

Ans.: Visit the solotutes.com/join page.and create an account by manually providing your name, email id and password (Email Must be verified after creating account)  or just click on the 'sign in with Google button' choose your Google account and that's it.. your account will be created.   

Ans.: Bence jones proteins (BJPs) are low molecular weight glycoproteins. 
Presence of BJPs in urine results multiple myeloma (plasma cell tumour).

When urine containing Bence jones proteins is heated in a test tube in temperature between 50 to 60 ℃ , a ppt formed  which on heating at a temperature of 100℃ get disolves. 

Ans.: \( {a \over b } = {2 \over 3 }\) 
\( {b \over c } = {5 \over 7 }\) 
as b is the common quantity so,  we will make its value common on both the ratios.
 a : b = 2 : 3 
 b : c = 5  : 7
a : b =  \( { 2 \times 5  \over  3 \times 5  } \)
b : c  =   \( { 5 \times 3  \over  7 \times 3 } \)
∴  a : b : c  =  10 : 15 : 21 Answer

Ans.: ICRB stands for ISRO Central Recruitment Board, which conducts recruitment exams for ISRO central units and its autonomous bodies under department of space.

Ans.: ISRO stands for Indian Space Research Organization.

Ans.: The Bohr model postulates that electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energy levels. Orbits further from the nucleus exist at higher energy levels. When electrons return to a lower energy level, they emit energy in the form of light

Ans.: According to John Dalton, matter is made up of smallest particle that is known as atom that can neither be created nor destroyed and are indivisible but the discovery of two fundamental particle (electrons and protons) inside the atom lead to the failure of this aspect of Dalton’s Theory.

Ans.: A number, the sum of whose factors(except the number itself) is equal to the numbers is called a perfect number, eg. 6, 28, 496.
The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, and 6. And, 1+2+3 = 6.

Ans.: A counting number (n) is called a prime number if it has exactly two factors (n = n  x 1), namely itself (n) and 1. Ex. All prime numbers less than 100 are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.

Ans.: An Act, was passed on 10th April, 1940 by the Parliament of India which regulates the import, manufacture and distribution of drugs in India. Is termed as 'drugs and cosmetics act'. The primary objective of the act is to ensure that the drugs and cosmetics sold in India are safe, effective and conform to state quality standards

Ans.: Pharmacy act was passed on 4th March 1948, to regulate the profession and practice of pharmacy in India, and for that purpose constitution of pharmacy councils is the main objective of this act.

Ans.: CBT

Ans.: AICTE 

Ans.: Bachelor of pharmacy (B.Pharma)

Ans.:  National testing agency (NTA)

Ans.: English

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Ans.: For GPAT 2021 application fee for general male candidates is ₹2000. And for females, transgender, SC, ST, OBC, EWS is ₹1000.

Ans.:  GPAT is the entrance exam for pharmacy students to get admission in desired colleges for Master of Pharmacy. conducted by NTA every year. 

Ans.:  Based on the syllabus and structure of exams like SSC,  DSSSB,general science (GS) covers in the part of general awareness (GA). 20 % weightage is given to GS in every exam where general awareness questions are asked. 
ie. SSC EXAM 
1.General Awareness - GK + current affairs (20 questions) + general science (20 questions)

2. Mathematical ability (20 questions)
3. Language test (20 questions) any one languages Hindi or English.
4. General intelligence and reasoning (20 questions)

Ans.: Nobel Prize is the international award given to the peoples or organizations for extraordinary work in the field of Science, Literature, and Peace from the will of Alfred Nobel. it is awarded every year.

Ans.: Will be on the basis of resource pool or direct interview. Marks out of 50 marks will be given for essential qualification( 0.5 marks per percentage), out of 10 marks for retired Person,  for experience 5 marks each year (maximum 25 marks), out of 10 marks for women candidates and out of 5 marks for computer certificate. Marks will be provided according to these criterias. 

Ans.: State health society Bihar

Ans.: 3 years

Ans.: CET (Common Eligibility Test or सामान्य पात्रता परीक्षा) is a single exam (pre) for recruitment in non-gazetted Group B and Group C posts of banking sectors, railways, and central government (staff selection commission). This exam will be conducted by National Recruitment Agency (NRA). The selection of candidates will be based on ranking in CET. However the mains exam will be conducted by the recruiting organisationa itself.

Ans.: 01/09/2020 is the scheduled date for NORCET 2020 exam.

Ans.: 18/08/2020 is the last date for applying for NORCET 2020.

Ans.: AIIMS conducts NORCET (nursing officer common entrance test).

Ans.: the central reserve police force (CRPF) is an Indian defense organization (India's largest Central Armed Police Force, functions under the authority of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India.

Ans.: Probationary Officer (PO) is an entry-level post in the banking sector, given to freshers or new recruits.

Ans.: In banking, RRB stands for Regional Rural Bank ( क्षेत्रीय ग्रामीण बैंक )

Ans.: The application fee for the general category is Rs. 850/- and for SC/ST/PWBD/EXSM is Rs. 175/-

Ans.: Form submissions started from 1st July 2020, and candidates can apply online up to 22nd July 2020. We recommend candidates to apply earlier.

Ans.: Graduation (10+2+3) is the minimum qualification for the post of office assistant and also work experience required for job like CA, marketing, IT, etc.

Ans.: IBPS का पूरा नाम  Institute of Banking Personnel Selection है। यह एक सरकारी संस्ठा है जो बैंकों के लिए कर्मचारियों का चयन करता है।

Ans.: Yes, IGNOU students can apply for admission to any Indian university.

Ans.: Admission form Fee for admissions in PG is Rs.750/- for UR and Rs. 350/- for reserved categories.

Ans.: 4th July, 2020 5:00 PM

Ans.: DUET is the entrance examination conducted by Delhi University to fill the 50% seats of PG programs. another 50% seats filled by merit. For merit-based admissions only Delhi university students are eligible. Students who graduated from other universities have to go for DUET.

Ans.: one should have to pass out 10+2 exam to get admission in UG programs and a 10+2+3 degree any universities to take admission in PG. To get admission to Delhi university 10+2 marks should be according to the cutoff generated by Delhi university each year.

Ans.: RSSB - Rajasthan Staff Selection Board and RSMSSB - Rajasthan Subordinate and Ministerial Services Selection Board.  

Ans.: Central Armed Police Forces

Ans.: Staff Selection Commission

Ans.:

Bats generate high-pitched ultrasonic waves which are then reflected from the obstacle or prey and return back to bat’s ear.

This phenomenon help bats to search out prey and fly in dark night.

Porpoises also use the same technique for navigation and location of food in the dark.

Ans.: Solution. Let c.p = Rs x 
Then, $900-x=2(x–450)$ 
$3x=1800$ 
$x=600$ 
Required s.p = 125% of Rs 600 $=Rs(\frac{125}{100}\times 600)$ $=Rs.750$ Answer (b)

Ans.: Mahmud Of Ghazni was the king of Ghazvanid who ruled from 971 to 1030 AD. Attracted by India's wealth, he attacked India several times. In fact, he attacked 17 times. The main objective was to plunder the wealth of Ghazvanid. He also added a religious dimension in his invasion of India. He destroyed the temples of Somnath, Kangra, Mathura, and Jwalamukhi to earn the nickname of Idol Breaker. Although there is no deep political impact of the invasion on India, it exposed the shortcomings of the war strategies of the Rajput Kings. It also revealed that there was no political unity in India and it invited more attacks in the future.