Biology Practice Test 29 – Complete Syllabus Full Length (SET 1/2)

Section 1: Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology & Evolution

(Covers original syllabus units dedicated to Cytology, Heredity, and Evolutionary Biology)

• Cell Biology: Structure and functions of cell organelles (Mitochondria, Chloroplast, ER, Ribosomes), Cell membrane models, and phases of the Cell Cycle (Mitosis & Meiosis).
• Genetics: Mendelian inheritance, Non-Mendelian interactions (Epistasis, Pleiotropy), Linkage, Crossing over, Sex-linked inheritance, and Chromosomal aberrations (Down, Turner, Klinefelter syndromes).
• Molecular Biology: DNA replication mechanisms, Transcription, Translation, Genetic Code, and Operon models.
• Evolution: Origin of life (Miller-Urey), Theories of evolution (Lamarckism, Darwinism), Genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and Speciation.

Section 2: Diversity of Life & Taxonomy (Botany & Zoology)

(Covers original syllabus units dedicated to Plant and Animal Diversity)

• Plant Taxonomy: Classification from Algae, Fungi, and Bryophytes to Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. Includes ICBN rules, inflorescence types, and diagnostic features of major families (Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, etc.).
• Animal Taxonomy: Comprehensive classification of Non-Chordates (Porifera to Echinodermata) and Chordates. Covers symmetry, coelom types, unique larval forms, and specialized organs (like nematocysts, malpighian tubules).

Section 3: Plant & Animal Physiology and Biochemistry

(Covers original syllabus unit 5 and Biochemistry modules)

• Plant Physiology: Water relations (Osmosis, Water potential), Ascent of sap, Transpiration, Photosynthesis (C3, C4, CAM pathways), Respiration (Glycolysis, Krebs cycle), and Phytohormones (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins).
• Animal Physiology: Mechanisms of Digestion, Respiratory gas exchange (Bohr/Haldane effects), Blood circulation & cardiac cycle, Excretory systems (Nephron function, Urine formation), and Neural/Endocrine coordination.
• Biochemistry: Structure of Biomolecules (Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids) and Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis-Menten, Inhibition).

Section 4: Ecology, Embryology & Applied Biology

(Covers original syllabus units dedicated to Environmental Science, Developmental Biology, and Biotech)

• Ecology: Ecosystem structure, Ecological pyramids, Food chains, Population dynamics (Carrying capacity, r/K selection), Ecological succession, and Environmental pollution (Acid rain, Biomagnification).
• Developmental Biology (Embryology): Gametogenesis, Fertilization, Cleavage patterns, Gastrulation morphogenetic movements, Extraembryonic membranes, and Placentation.
• Applied Biology & Biotechnology: Recombinant DNA technology, Restriction enzymes, Cloning vectors (Plasmids, Ti plasmid), PCR, Bioremediation, and economic biology (Apiculture, Sericulture).