Berberine
Medicinal Chemistry
Molecular Weight
336.36
Molecular Formula
C20H18NO4+
IUPAC Name
9,10-Dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-7-ium
Pharmacognosy
Biological Source
Berberis vulgaris, Coptis chinensis
Active Constituents
Berberine
Pharmacology & Synthesis
Mechanism of Action
Activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inhibits alpha-glucosidase.
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
A: Low oral bioavailability.
D: Extensive tissue distribution.
M: Hepatic via CYP2D6 and CYP3A4.
E: Feces and urine.
Pharmacodynamics
Lowers blood glucose, reduces lipid levels, exhibits antimicrobial activity.
Synthesis Pathway
Derived from L-tyrosine via reticuline intermediate.
Safety, Warnings & Interactions
Adverse Effects
GI discomfort, diarrhea, constipation.
Contraindications
Pregnancy (risk of kernicterus in neonates).
Drug Interactions
Inhibits CYP3A4; interacts with macrolides.
Pharmaceutics & Compendia
Dosage Forms
Capsules, Tablets, Extracts
Official Compendia
USP (Dietary Supplement)