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Cream
Semi-solid emulsion for external application. Oil-in-water emulsions are most useful as water-washable bases, whereas water-in-oil emulsions are emollient and cleansing
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Abrasive
- a substance or material capable of polishing or cleaning a hard surface by rubbing or grinding. (adjective)
- showing little concern for the feeling of others. (adjective)
- a substance is used for cleaning, polishing, or grinding hard surfaces. (noun)
Eutectic Mixture
The mixture of two or more solid substances which liquefy due to its lower melting point than room temperature.
Coating
Technological process consisting of the application of a substance, which forms a layer (e.g, to protect the drug and/or the tablet, to mask taste, to control the rate of drug release (e.g., film coating, sugar coating).
Compressed Tablet
A solid dosage form prepared to a desired shape, usually in large-scale production, by means of high pressure in a punch and die.
Cosolvent
Vehicle (often ethanol) used in combination to increase the solubility of drugs. Frequently, the solubil- ity of a drug in a mixed solvent system is greater than can be predicted from its solubility in each sol- vent component separately.
Critical Micelle Concentration (cmc)
Threshold detergent concentration at which micelle formation begins in the bulk phase. This means that all effective molecules are present as monomers at a concentration below their cmc.
Critical Moisture Content
A stage in the drying of solids, above which the drying rate (derived from the plot of the loss of moisture content against time) is linear, at which the drying rate ceases to be linear, until it reaches the equiibrium moisture content.
Crossover Study
Type of comparative bioavailability study designed in such a way as to take into account differences in bioavailability arising from differences between patients suffering from disease, participating in the study.
Crystalline
Term that describes a solid of regular shape and the presence of three-dimensional order on the level of atomic dimensions, for a given molecule.
Deflocculation
Reversal of coagulation or flocculation, i.e., the dispersion of aggregates to form a stable colloidal suspension or emulsion.
Delayed-release Dosage Form
Pharmaceutical preparation that releases the drug(s) at a time other than promptly after administration.
Deliquescence
Process that occurs when the vapor pressure of the saturated aqueous solution of a substance is less than the vapor pressure of water in the ambient air.
Deliquescent
Substance that absorbs sufficient moisture from the atmosphere to dissolve itself.
Depot
Deposit of a drug in a body created by injection or by a similar mode of introduction to form a source of slow release.
Detergency
Property, which serves as basis for the process whereby surfactants are used for the removal of foreign matter from surfaces (including dirt from clothes or body surfaces).
See also detergents, solubilizing, surface-active agent, surfactant.
Detergent
Surfactant (or a mixture containing one or more surfactants) having cleaning properties in dilute solutions (soaps are surfactants and detergents) .
Disperse System
Dosage form in which the active ingredient is insoluble in the carrier; includes aerosols (solids or liquids in gas), suspensions (solids in liquids), emulsions (liquids in liquids), and foams (gas in liquid), or ointments/creams (solid in solid or in semi-solid, or liquid in solid).
Divided Powder
Powder formulation in which individual doses of a powdered dosage form are separately wrapped (e.g., sachets, envelopes, or gelatin capsules).
Dosage Form
Formulated preparation of molecules/drugs that are rarely if ever suitable for administration to patients without additives.
Drug
Biologically active substance, which when biodistributed in the body is expected to modify one or more of its functions.
Drug Delivery System
Sophisticated dosage form, which, by its construction, is able to modify/control the availability of the drug substance to the body by temporal or spatial considerations.
Effervescent Tablet
Solid preparation that on contact with water breaks apart by the effect of gas (usually CO2) evolution, resulting commonly from the reaction of hydrogen carbonate with citric or tartaric acid, in order to facilitate dissolution or dispersion of the active ingredient before ingestion.
Efflorescence
The drying of a salt solution when the vapour pressure of water in the saturated solution of a substance is greater than the partial pressure of water in the ambient air.
Efflorescent
Substance that loses water to form a lower hydrate or becomes anhydrous spontaneously.
Elixir
Sweet (often colored) dilute alcohol-based, “hydroalcoholic”, liquid used in the compounding of drugs to be taken by mouth in order to improve palatability.
Elutriation
The process of separating the lighter particles of a powder from the heavier ones by means of an up- ward-directed stream of fluid (gas or liquid).
Embedding
Technological process, which consists of mixing or inclusion of the therapeutic substance with an ex- cipient or their mixtures, typically as a matrix dosage form, in order to change the rate of release.
Emulsion
Fluid colloidal dispersion system in which liquid droplets and/or liquid crystals are dispersed in a liquid.
Encapsulation
Process of enclosing a drug in a (micro or nano) particle (capsule, liposome, polymer).
Enemas
Solutions (aqueous or oily), emulsions, or suspensions for rectal administration of medicaments for cleansing, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes
Enteric Coating
Used on tablets, granules, pellets, and capsules to make them resistant to gastric fluids but designed to disintegrate, disrupt, or dissolve when the preparation enters the duodenum.
Equilibrium Moisture Content (emc)
Final stage reached after drying of a solid, beyond the critical moisture content.
Fast-dissolving Tablet
A tablet formulation intended for a rapid release of its active agent.
Flocculation
Process of contact and adhesion whereby particles in dispersion form larger-size clusters.
Formulation
Summary of operations carried out to convert a pharmacologically active compound into a dosage form suitable for administration.
Gargle
Aqueous solution used for the prevention and treatment of mouth and throat infections.
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