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Jagriti
Cell membrane: Living cells are bound by a membrane called the plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane. It controls entry and exit of any substance like minerals, water and all as per the requirement of the cell. This is predominantly made up of phospholipids.
Protoplasm: The inner gel-like material.
Cell wall: The additional outer covering found in cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. It provides rigidity and protection to the cell against variations like changing in the environment and any foreign substance etc. It also gives definite shape, size and support to the cell.
Cytoplasm: The portion of the protoplasm, lying inner to the cell membrane but outside the nuclear membrane. It is made up of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins along with a large proportion of water. It acts as a ‘ground substance' which provide a unique living nature to the protoplasm for all cell activities. Many of the important reaction takes place in the cell, occurs within the cytoplasm.
Nucleus: It generally lies in the center of the cell and in some of the cases, it may also occupy peripheral positions and performs as the most important part of the cell.All the cell activities are controlled by it like cell metabolism and reproduction.
Nuclear membrane: a membrane that bound the dense structure of the nucleus.
Nucleoplasm: The protoplasm of the nucleus.
Chromatin: Thread-like network found in the nucleoplasm.
Chromosome: The thick or condensed (thread-like structure) DNA form of chromatin, at the time of cell division. These are the structures responsible for the characters (genes) inherited by one generation from the earlier generation.
Mitochondria: These are rod-shaped or spherical structural and often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell. It basically turns the energy from the food we eat into the energy that can be used by the cell – adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or cellular respiration. It also stores calcium and functions for the death of the cell (apoptosis).
Lysosomes and peroxisomes: These are essentially bags of enzymes. Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down large molecules, including old parts of the cell and foreign material. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that destroy toxic substances, including peroxide.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): It process molecules within the cell and help transport them to their final destination. It works to synthesize, folds modify and transport proteins. It is made up of elongated sacs called cisternae which are held together by the cytoskeleton. It is of two types – RER ( Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ) which helps in protein synthesis and SER ( Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ) which helps in fats synthesis.
Golgi apparatus: It is also considered as the postman of the cell as it helps in the packaging and labeling of the items. The molecules after being processed by ER moves to the Golgi apparatus and perform the further function.
Ribosome: In the nucleus, DNA is transcribed into RNA (ribonucleic acid), a molecule similar to DNA that carries the same message. the ribosome reads the RNA and translates it into proteins by sticking together amino acids by the order defined by the RNA.Their location is not specific, some of the time some floats freely in the cytoplasm and others are found attached to the ER (rough endoplasmic reticulum).
Vacuole: It appears as an empty space in the cytoplasm. It is generally large in plant cells and very small or even in most of the cases absent in animal cells. It performs the function to store the excess water and waste product.
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