Microbiology Important revision Points

In this post, we will share some important one-liners from microbiology that are relevant to pharmacy students. These one-liners will help students to understand the basics of microbiology, the types of microorganisms, the role of antibiotics, the importance of sterilization and disinfection, the common types of infections, and the emerging issue of antibiotic resistance. By the end of this post, students should have a better understanding of key microbiology concepts that are relevant to their studies in pharmacy.

Introduction:

Microbiology is a fundamental branch of science that deals with the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. As a pharmacy student, it is essential to have a solid understanding of microbiology, as many drugs are designed to target specific microorganisms. This post aims to provide pharmacy students with a concise summary of important one-liners from microbiology that are relevant to their studies. These one-liners cover topics such as the types of microorganisms, the role of antibiotics, the importance of sterilization and disinfection, the common types of infections, and the emerging issue of antibiotic resistance. By reading and understanding these one-liners, pharmacy students will have a better understanding of the basic concepts of microbiology and how they relate to pharmacy practice.

1 〉 Name the molecule that is too small to be antigenic alone but becomes antigenic when conjugated to a larger protein molecule

-- hapten

2 〉 Name the painless ulcer that develops at the site of infection in primary syphilis

-- hard chancre

3 〉 Name hypothyroidism caused by an autoimmune disease affecting thyroid function

-- Hashimoto thyroiditis

4 〉 Leukocytes found in the peripheral blood that are characterized by numerous granules

-- granulocytes

5 〉 A common STI of the reproductive system caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

-- Gonorrheao

6 〉 Name the longest identical peptide chains in antibody molecules (two per antibody monomer) that composed of variable and constant region segments

-- heavy chains

7 〉 Bonds forms between the hydroxyl groups of two sugar molecules

-- glycosidic bond

8 〉 Class of antibacterials that inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding to peptidoglycan subunits and blocking their insertion into the cell wall

-- glycopeptides

9 〉 Name the conjugated protein with a carbohydrate attached

-- glycoprotein

10 〉 Name the enzyme that unwinds DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs, using ATP

-- helicase

11 〉 Name the complex lipid that contains a carbohydrate moiety

-- glycolipid

12 〉 A type of kidney infection involving the glomeruli of the nephrons

-- glomerulonephritis

13 〉 Name the class of T cells that is the central orchestrator of the cellular and humoral defenses of adaptive immunity and the cellular defenses of innate immunity

-- helper T cells

14 〉 Name the graph modeling the number of cells in a culture over time

-- growth curve

15 〉 Visible clumping of red blood cells that can be caused by some viruses, bacteria, and certain diseases in which antibodies

-- hemagglutination

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Understanding the basic principles of microbiology is crucial for pharmacy students as they are responsible for dispensing antibiotics and other medications that treat infections caused by microorganisms. In this post, we will provide some important one-liners from microbiology that pharmacy students should be aware of.

Instruction:

As a pharmacy student, it is important to have a basic understanding of microbiology to effectively treat patients with infectious diseases. In this post, we have provided some important one-liners that cover the key concepts of microbiology. We encourage you to review and memorize these one-liners to strengthen your understanding of microbiology and improve your ability to treat infections caused by microorganisms.

1 〉 Name the formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

-- hematopoiesis

2 〉 What is the name of the condition in which there is blood in the urine

-- hematuria

3 〉 A condition in which a disease caused by or acquired during a medical procedure

-- iatrogenic disease

4 〉 Name the antibody dimer primarily found in breast milk, mucus, saliva, and tears

-- IgA

5 〉 Memberane-body antibody monomer functioning as receptor on the surface of B cells

-- IgD

6 〉 Name the inflammation of the mouth and gums that is often caused by the HSV-1 virus

-- herpetic gingivostomatitis

7 〉 Antibody monomer involved in defense against parasites and allergic reactions

-- IgE

8 〉 Antibody monomer most abundant in serum; able to cross placenta

-- IgG

9 〉 What is the name of the eye infection caused by herpes simplex virus

-- herpes keratitis

10 〉 Name the class of antifungal drugs that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis

-- imidazoles

11 〉 Name the point at which an image is in focus

-- image point (focus)

12 〉 Inflammation of the liver is known as

-- hepatitis

13 〉 What is the the light source on a microscope is known as

-- illuminator

14 〉 Antibody that is a monomer when functioning as a receptor on surface of B cells but a pentamer when secreted in response to specific pathogens;

-- IgM

15 〉 Name the class of exotoxin that targets and lyses red blood cells, as well as other cells

-- hemolysin

In this post, we will share some important one-liners from microbiology that are relevant to pharmacy students. These one-liners will help students to understand the basics of microbiology, the types of microorganisms, the role of antibiotics, the importance of sterilization and disinfection, the common types of infections, and the emerging issue of antibiotic resistance. By the end of this post, students should have a better understanding of key microbiology concepts that are relevant to their studies in pharmacy.

Introduction:

Microbiology is a fundamental branch of science that deals with the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. As a pharmacy student, it is essential to have a solid understanding of microbiology, as many drugs are designed to target specific microorganisms. This post aims to provide pharmacy students with a concise summary of important one-liners from microbiology that are relevant to their studies. These one-liners cover topics such as the types of microorganisms, the role of antibiotics, the importance of sterilization and disinfection, the common types of infections, and the emerging issue of antibiotic resistance. By reading and understanding these one-liners, pharmacy students will have a better understanding of the basic concepts of microbiology and how they relate to pharmacy practice.

1 〉 Name the process producing a mixture of lactic acid, ethanol and/or acetic acid, and CO2 as fermentation products

-- heterolactic fermentation

2 〉 Name the organism that uses fixed organic carbon compounds as its carbon source

-- heterotroph

3 〉 Name the bacteria that have more than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides in their DNA

-- high G+C gram-positive bacteria

4 〉 Which bond is formed between the negatively charged phosphate groups that holds a lot of potential energy

-- high-energy phosphate bond

5 〉 Name the large group of antigens bound by antibodies; large enough to settle out of fluid suspension

-- immune complex

6 〉 A staining technique in which cells are fixed and holes dissolved in the membrane to allow passage of labeled antibodies to bind specific intracellular targets

-- immunocytochemistry (ICC)

7 〉 Name the enzyme that bound with a cofactor or coenzyme

-- holoenzyme

8 〉 Technique in which antibody or antigen can be concentrated by passing fluids through porous membranes, and target molecules are captured as they pass

-- immunofiltration

9 〉 Fungal disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum

-- histoplasmosis

10 〉 A technique that uses a fluorescence microscope and antibody-specific fluorochromes to determine the presence of specific pathogens in a specimen

-- immunofluorescence

11 〉 A staining technique in which labeled antibodies are bound to specific cells in a tissue section

-- immunohistochemistry (IHC)

12 〉 DNA-binding proteins found in eukaryotes and archaea that aid in orderly packaging of chromosomal DNA

-- histones

13 〉 The study of the immune system

-- immunology

14 〉 Outside the organism in a test tube or artificial environment is known as

-- in vitro

15 〉 Proinflammatory molecule released by basophils and mast cells in response to stimulation by other cytokines and chemical mediators

-- histamine

16 〉 This refers to protozoans that consume food particles through phagoctytosis

-- holozoic

17 〉 Name the process producing only lactic acid as a fermentation product

-- homolactic fermentation

18 〉 Vaccine composed of whole pathogen cells or viruses that have been killed or inactivated through treatment with heat, radiation, or chemicals

-- inactivated vaccine

19 〉 Name the retrovirus responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans

-- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

20 〉 The number of individuals with new infections of a particular disease in a given period of time is called

-- incidence

21 〉 Movement of a pathogen from one host to another population through physical contact or through droplet transmission

-- horizontal direct transmission

22 〉 Inflammation of the conjunctiva in newborns caused by Chlamydia trachomatis transmitted during childbirth is

-- inclusion conjunctivitis

23 〉 Name the prokaryotic cell cytoplasmic structures for storing specific nutrients and other resources needed by cells

-- inclusions

24 〉 Introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation

-- horizontal gene transfer

25 〉 The first stage of acute disease, during which the pathogen begins multiplying in the host and signs and symptoms are not observable

-- incubation period

26 〉 The successful colonization of a microorganism within a host is called as

-- infection

27 〉 Name the types of host cells that a particular virus is able to infect

-- host range

28 〉 Highly contagious and acute viral disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus

-- influenza

29 〉 Serious infection caused by Trypanosoma brucei and spread by the bite of the tsetse fly

-- human African trypanosomiasis

30 〉 Proteins that participate in ribosome assembly during initiation

-- initiation factors

31 〉 A group of common sexually transmitted viruses that may be associated with genital warts or with cervical cancer

-- human papillomavirus (HPV)

32 〉 Name the adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells

-- humoral immunity

33 〉 Name the enzyme produced by pathogens that degrades hyaluronic acid between adjacent cells in connective tissue

-- hyaluronidase

34 〉 The stage of replication during which various proteins bind to the origin of replication to begin the replication process

-- initiation of DNA replication

35 〉 The stage of transcription during which RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and transcription begins

-- initiation of transcription

36 〉 The the joining of two complementary single-stranded DNA molecules

-- hybridization

37 〉 Small number of cells added to medium to start a culture is commonly called

-- inoculum

38 〉 Type of mutation involving the addition of one or more bases into a DNA sequence

-- insertion

39 〉 The clones of cell produced by fusing a normal B cell with a myeloma cell that is capable of producing monoclonal antibodies indefinitely

-- hybridoma

40 〉 Distortion of a light wave due to interaction with another wave

-- interference

41 〉 Refers to a polar molecule or portion of a molecule capable of strong attraction to water molecules

-- hydrophilic

42 〉 Cytokines largely produced by immune system cells that help coordinate efforts against invading pathogens

-- interleukins

43 〉 Refers to a nonpolar molecule or portion of a molecule not capable of strong attraction to water molecules

-- hydrophobic

44 〉 A host in which a parasite goes through some stages of its life cycle before migrating to the definitive host

-- intermediate host

45 〉 Potentially damaging immune response against an antigen is called

-- hypersensitivity

Microbiology is a key subject for pharmacy students to learn because it provides them with an understanding of the microorganisms that cause infections and how to prevent and treat them. With the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, it's more important than ever for pharmacy students to have a solid foundation in microbiology. In this post, we'll highlight some of the most important one-liners from microbiology that pharmacy students should know.

Instructions:

Read through the one-liners carefully to understand the key concepts.

Take notes on any unfamiliar terms or concepts.

Use the information to deepen your understanding of microbiology and its relevance to pharmacy practice.

Consider how the knowledge gained from these one-liners can inform your future practice as a pharmacist.

Share this post with your classmates or colleagues who may benefit from this information.

1 〉 Name a group of common sexually transmitted viruses that may be associated with genital warts or with cervical cancer

-- human papillomavirus (HPV)

2 〉 Name adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells

-- humoral immunity

3 〉 Name the stage of replication during which various proteins bind to the origin of replication to begin the replication process

-- initiation of DNA replication

7 〉 Name the term that refers to a nonpolar molecule or portion of a molecule not capable of strong attraction to water molecules

-- hydrophobic

8 〉 Name the antiviral drugs that block the activity of the HIV integrase responsible for recombination of a DNA copy of the viral genome into the host cell chromosome

-- integrase inhibitors

9 〉 Name the molecule that slides between the stacked nitrogenous bases of the DNA double helix, potentially resulting in a frameshift mutation

-- intercalating agent

10 〉 Name the term that refers to a polar molecule or portion of a molecule capable of strong attraction to water molecules

-- hydrophilic

11 〉 The distortion of a light wave due to interaction with another wave

-- interference

12 〉 Cytokines released by cells that have been infected with a virus; stimulate antiviral responses in nearby cells as well as the cells secreting the interferons

-- interferons

This post contains 20 one liners of Microbiology. These one liners will help you to strengthen your basics.

1 〉 Name the antiviral drug that blocks the fusion of HIV receptors to the coreceptors required for virus entry into the cell

-- fusion inhibitor

2 〉 Name the study that compares entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization

-- Genomics

3 〉 Inflammation of the gums that can cause bleeding is known as

-- Gingivitis

4 〉 Name the cells that can assists in the organization of neurons, provides a scaffold for some aspects of neuron function, and aids in recovery from neural injury

-- glial cell

9 〉 Name the class of antibacterials that inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding to peptidoglycan subunits and blocking their insertion into the cell wall backbone.

-- glycopeptides

Microbiology One Liners

1 〉 An infection of the external ear canal, most commonly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; often called swimmer’s ear

2 〉 A compound released from a natural killer cell that creates pores in the target cell through which other toxins (particularly granzymes) can gain access to the cytoplasm

3 〉 Test in which antigen and antisera are added to neighboring wells in an agar gel, allowing visualization of precipitin arcs

4 〉 Fourth stage of disease, during which the number of pathogens present in the host decreases, along with signs and symptoms of disease

5 〉 The chemical reaction that removes electrons (often as part of H atoms) from donor molecules, leaving them oxidized

6 〉 The third stage of acute disease, during which the number of pathogens present in the host is greatest and the signs and symptoms of disease are most severe

7 〉 The mechanism for making ATP that uses the potential energy stored within an electrochemical gradient to add Pi to ADP

8 〉 A condition in which the gums are inflamed and may erode

9 〉 A highly infectious zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii that farmers can contract from their animals by inhalation

10 〉 The inflammation of the gums that is more severe than gingivitis, spreading deeper into the tissues

11 〉 The isolation of an individual for the purpose of preventing the spread of disease

12 〉 The network of neurons that connects the CNS with organs, sensory organs, and muscles throughout the body

13 〉 Structure of protein complexes formed by the combination of several separate polypeptides or subunits

14 〉 The mechanism by which regulatory T cells inhibit self-reactive immune responses in T cells that have already exited the thymus

15 〉 Class of antiprotozoan drugs long used for the treatment of malaria; interferes with heme detoxification

1 〉 The space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane, primarily in gram-negative bacteria

2 〉 Name the plasmid containing genes encoding proteins that make a bacterial cell resistant to one or more antibiotics

3 〉 Muscular contractions of the gastrointestinal tract that propel ingested material through the stomach,

4 〉 A protein complex in a photosystem, containing a pigment molecule that can undergo oxidation upon excitation by a light-harvesting pigment

5 〉 Having numerous flagella covering the entire surface of a bacterial cell is known as

6 〉 An unstable and toxic ions and molecules derived from partial reduction of oxygen

7 〉 Name a membrane-bound organelle (not part of the endomembrane system) that produces hydrogen peroxide to break down various types of molecules;

8 〉 A a variant of PCR involving the use of fluorescence to allow for the monitoring of the increase in double-stranded template during a PCR reaction as it occurs

9 〉 A type of strong oxidizing agent that causes free radical formation in cells; can be used as a disinfectant or antiseptic

10 〉 A type of endocytosis in which extracellular ligands are targeted to specific cells through their binding to specific cell surface receptors

11 〉 Name a dormant cell that survives in the death phase and is resistant to most antibiotics

12 〉 A a DNA molecule resulting from the cutting and insertion of DNA from one organism into the DNA of another organism, resulting in a new combination of genetic material

13 〉 Small red or purple spots on the skin that result from blood leaking out of damaged vessels

14 〉 The process by which DNA from one organism is cut and new pieces of foreign DNA from a second organism are inserted,

15 〉 The tendency for a molecule to acquire electrons and become reduced

1 〉 On a light microscope, the lenses closest to the specimen, typically located at the ends of turrets is called as

2 〉 A form of microbial control using heat that is applied to foods; kills pathogens and reduces the number of spoilage-causing microbes while maintaining food quality

3 〉 Microorganism that cannot synthesize its own ATP and, therefore, must rely on a host cell for energy; behaves like a parasite when inside a host cell,

4 〉 An adaptive immune defenses received from another individual or animal

5 〉 A a special objective lens on a microscope designed to be used with immersion oil to improve resolution

6 〉 An individual capable of transmitting a pathogen to another individual without becoming infected

7 〉 The short fragment of DNA made during lagging strand synthesis

8 〉 Name the most serious stage of pertussis (whooping cough), characterized by severe and prolonged coughing spells

9 〉 DNA sequence located between the promoter region and the first coding gene to which a repressor protein can bind

10 〉 The means of entry by a pathogen through skin or mucous membranes when these barriers are breached

11 〉 Name the type of symbiosis in which one population benefits while harming the other parasitology the study of parasites

12 〉 A group of genes with related functions often found clustered together within the prokaryotic chromosome and transcribed under the control of a single promoter and operator repression sequence

13 〉 This refers to a cytokine signal released from a cell to a receptor on a nearby cell

14 〉 Inflammation of the conjunctiva in newborns caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted during childbirth

15 〉 Growth on the skin associated with infection by any of the human papilloma viruses (HPV); commonly known as a wart

1 〉 A type of inclusion containing volutin, a polymerized inorganic phosphate that appears red when stained with methylene blue

2 〉 A virus composed of a nucleic acid core, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a capsid

3 〉 The the sequencing of genomic fragments from microbial communities, allowing researchers to study genes from a collection of multiple species

4 〉 The science of studying a collection of mRNA molecules produced from microbial communities

5 〉 The member of the quinolone family that functions by inhibiting the activity of DNA gyrase, blocking DNA replication

6 〉 An antibacterial and antiprotozoan drug of the nitroimidazole class that is activated in anaerobic target cell and introduces DNA strand breakage, thus interfering with DNA replication in target cells

7 〉 A part of the upper throat (pharynx) extending from the posterior nasal cavity; carries air inhaled through the nose

8 〉 Glycoprotein expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells and involved in the presentation of normal “self” antigens and foreign antigens from intracellular pathogens

9 〉 A three-dimensional structure of folded fully functional proteins

10 〉 A glycoprotein expressed only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and involved in the presentation of foreign antigens from pathogens ingested by phagocytosis

11 〉 A lymphoid cells that recognize and destroy abnormal target cells by inducing apoptosis

12 〉 A simple spherical arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules with nonpolar tails aggregated within the interior and polar heads forming the outer surface

13 〉 A a stain that produces colour around the structure of interest while not coloring the structure itself

14 〉 An organism that requires oxygen at levels lower than atmospheric concentration

15 〉 A herpes infection of the newborn, generally caused by infection during birth

1 〉 Naturally produced protein synthesis inhibitor of the lincosamide class that binds to the 50S subunit, inhibiting peptide bond formation

2 〉 Antihelminthic drug of the benzimidazole class that binds to helminthic β-tubulin, preventing microtubule formation

3 〉 Name class of protein synthesis inhibitors that are similar to macrolides

4 〉 An animal that transfers a pathogen from one host to another or from a reservoir to a host without being infected by the pathogen itself

5 〉 Lipid molecules with attached sugars that are found as components of gram-negative outer membranes

6 〉 A ring structure formed from complement proteins C6 through C9 that penetrates the membranes of a targeted cell, causing cell lysis and death

7 〉 The interval of growth when cells divide exponentially; also known as the exponential growth phase

8 〉 A known volumes are vacuum filtered aseptically through a membrane with a pore size small enough to trap microorganisms, which are counted after growth on plates

9 〉 Name the bean-shaped organs situated throughout the body that contain areas called germinal centers, which are rich in B and T lymphocytes

10 〉 Name a toxin that affects cell membrane function by either forming pores or disrupting the phospholipid bilayer

11 〉 Name the process in which rapid freezing, followed by placement under a vacuum, of a material so that water is lost by sublimation, thereby inhibiting microbial growth

12 〉 An activated and differentiated B cell that is programmed to respond to secondary exposures to a specific antigen

13 〉 Name an organelle of the endomembrane system that contains digestive enzymes that break down engulfed material such as foodstuffs, infectious particles, or damaged cellular components

14 〉 It is the ability of the specific adaptive immune system to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed

15 〉 Name an inflammatory response that involves both the brain and the membranes that surround it

1 〉 Yellowish color of the skin and mucous membranes caused by excessive bilirubin caused by a failure of the liver to effectively process the breakdown of hemoglobin

2 〉 Name a method of acid-fast staining that does not use heat to infuse the primary stain, carbolfuchsin, into acid-fast cells

3 〉 An interval before exponential growth of a microbial population during which cells adjust to a new environment

4 〉 Region of the respiratory tract containing the vocal cords; also referred to as the voice box