Pathophysiology

Syphilis is sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. This disease can be passed to another person through kissing or close physical contact.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is second to respiratory infection as the most common type of infection in the body. It is a bacterial infection involving the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.

Gout is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated serum uric acid levels and deposits of urate crystals in synovial fluids and surrounding tissues in joints.

Osteoporosis is a condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break(Latin “porous bones”). The inside of a healthy bone has small spaces, like a honeycomb. 

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people around the world. It can be thought of as a degenerative disorder arising from the biochemical breakdown of articular (hyaline) cartilage in the synovial joints

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that results in a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally attacks flexible (synovial) joints.

Hepatitis means injury to the liver with inflammation of the liver cells. Toxins, certain drugs, some diseases, heavy alcohol use, bacterial and viral infections can all cause hepatitis.

Alcoholic Liver Disease is a syndrome of progressive inflammatory liver injury associated with long-term heavy intake of alcohol. The pathogenesis is not completely understood.