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Introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation
Microbiology Pharmacist Competitive Exams
Q. Introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation
Ans → horizontal gene transfer
Explanation →
This question is taken from the test/quiz post: Microbiology Important questions (one liners Set - 7) Pharmacy - attemp/practice
More oneliners in - Microbiology Important questions (one liners Set - 7) Pharmacy
Q. Name the process producing a mixture of lactic acid, ethanol and/or acetic acid, and CO2 as fermentation products
Ans → heterolactic fermentation
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Q. Name the organism that uses fixed organic carbon compounds as its carbon source
Ans → heterotroph
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Q. Name the bacteria that have more than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides in their DNA
Ans → high G+C gram-positive bacteria
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Q. Which bond is formed between the negatively charged phosphate groups that holds a lot of potential energy
Ans → high-energy phosphate bond
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Q. Name the large group of antigens bound by antibodies; large enough to settle out of fluid suspension
Ans → immune complex
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Q. A staining technique in which cells are fixed and holes dissolved in the membrane to allow passage of labeled antibodies to bind specific intracellular targets
Ans → immunocytochemistry (ICC)
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Q. Technique in which antibody or antigen can be concentrated by passing fluids through porous membranes, and target molecules are captured as they pass
Ans → immunofiltration
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Q. Fungal disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum
Ans → histoplasmosis
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Q. A technique that uses a fluorescence microscope and antibody-specific fluorochromes to determine the presence of specific pathogens in a specimen
Ans → immunofluorescence
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Q. A staining technique in which labeled antibodies are bound to specific cells in a tissue section
Ans → immunohistochemistry (IHC)
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Q. DNA-binding proteins found in eukaryotes and archaea that aid in orderly packaging of chromosomal DNA
Ans → histones
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Q. Outside the organism in a test tube or artificial environment is known as
Ans → in vitro
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Q. Proinflammatory molecule released by basophils and mast cells in response to stimulation by other cytokines and chemical mediators
Ans → histamine
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Q. This refers to protozoans that consume food particles through phagoctytosis
Ans → holozoic
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Q. Name the process producing only lactic acid as a fermentation product
Ans → homolactic fermentation
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Q. Vaccine composed of whole pathogen cells or viruses that have been killed or inactivated through treatment with heat, radiation, or chemicals
Ans → inactivated vaccine
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Q. Name the retrovirus responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans
Ans → human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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Q. The number of individuals with new infections of a particular disease in a given period of time is called
Ans → incidence
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Q. Movement of a pathogen from one host to another population through physical contact or through droplet transmission
Ans → horizontal direct transmission
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Q. Inflammation of the conjunctiva in newborns caused by Chlamydia trachomatis transmitted during childbirth is
Ans → inclusion conjunctivitis
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Q. Name the prokaryotic cell cytoplasmic structures for storing specific nutrients and other resources needed by cells
Ans → inclusions
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Q. Introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation
Ans → horizontal gene transfer
Explanation →
Q. The first stage of acute disease, during which the pathogen begins multiplying in the host and signs and symptoms are not observable
Ans → incubation period
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Q. The successful colonization of a microorganism within a host is called as
Ans → infection
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Q. Name the types of host cells that a particular virus is able to infect
Ans → host range
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Q. Highly contagious and acute viral disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus
Ans → influenza
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Q. Serious infection caused by Trypanosoma brucei and spread by the bite of the tsetse fly
Ans → human African trypanosomiasis
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Q. Proteins that participate in ribosome assembly during initiation
Ans → initiation factors
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Q. A group of common sexually transmitted viruses that may be associated with genital warts or with cervical cancer
Ans → human papillomavirus (HPV)
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Q. Name the adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells
Ans → humoral immunity
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Q. Name the enzyme produced by pathogens that degrades hyaluronic acid between adjacent cells in connective tissue
Ans → hyaluronidase
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Q. The stage of replication during which various proteins bind to the origin of replication to begin the replication process
Ans → initiation of DNA replication
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Q. The stage of transcription during which RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and transcription begins
Ans → initiation of transcription
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Q. The the joining of two complementary single-stranded DNA molecules
Ans → hybridization
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Q. Small number of cells added to medium to start a culture is commonly called
Ans → inoculum
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Q. Type of mutation involving the addition of one or more bases into a DNA sequence
Ans → insertion
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Q. The clones of cell produced by fusing a normal B cell with a myeloma cell that is capable of producing monoclonal antibodies indefinitely
Ans → hybridoma
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Q. Refers to a polar molecule or portion of a molecule capable of strong attraction to water molecules
Ans → hydrophilic
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Q. Cytokines largely produced by immune system cells that help coordinate efforts against invading pathogens
Ans → interleukins
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Q. Refers to a nonpolar molecule or portion of a molecule not capable of strong attraction to water molecules
Ans → hydrophobic
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Q. A host in which a parasite goes through some stages of its life cycle before migrating to the definitive host
Ans → intermediate host
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Q. Potentially damaging immune response against an antigen is called
Ans → hypersensitivity
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Q. The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways result in the formation of a common activated factor
Ans → Staurt factor
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Q. Close, tight aggregation of colloid particles, emulsion droplets, suspension particles, which are difficult to redisperse.
Ans → coagulation
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Q. Solid substances that are not crystals. These solids consist of randomly oriented molecules. Solids without definite shape consist of randomly oriented molecules.
Ans → amorphous
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Q. Name the types of host cells that a particular virus is able to infect
Ans → host range
Explanation →
Q. The third stage of acute disease, during which the number of pathogens present in the host is greatest and the signs and symptoms of disease are most severe
Ans → period of illness
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Q. Name the formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
Ans → hematopoiesis
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Q. Name a membrane-bound organelle (not part of the endomembrane system) that produces hydrogen peroxide to break down various types of molecules;
Ans → peroxisome
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Q. A a DNA molecule resulting from the cutting and insertion of DNA from one organism into the DNA of another organism, resulting in a new combination of genetic material
Ans → recombinant DNA molecule
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Q. Name the antiviral drug that blocks the fusion of HIV receptors to the coreceptors required for virus entry into the cell
Ans → fusion inhibitor
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Q. A a term applied to an atom or molecule having one or more free valencies.
Ans → radical
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Q. Virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, or analogous product applicable to the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases or injuries in humans and/or animals.
Ans → biological product
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Q. Name the capillary bed in the nephron of the kidney that filters blood to form urine
Ans → glomerulus
Explanation →
Q. Highly contagious and acute viral disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus
Ans → influenza
Explanation →
Q. Lipid-based chemical mediators produced by leukocytes and other tissue cells; promote inflammation and allergic responses
Ans → leukotrienes
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Q. The compound implicated in the development of cataract in diabetic patients is
Ans → Sorbitol
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Q. Substrate level phosphorylation in citric acid cycle is catalysed by the enzyme
Ans → Succinate thiokinase
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Q. Name adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells
Ans → humoral immunity
Explanation →
Q. Name the painless ulcer that develops at the site of infection in primary syphilis
Ans → hard chancre
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Q. Name the antibody dimer primarily found in breast milk, mucus, saliva, and tears
Ans → IgA
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Q. A a term applied to an atom or molecule having one or more free valencies.
Ans → radical
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Q. Time required for the concentration of a reactant in a given reaction to reach a value that is the arith- metic mean of its initial and final (equilibrium) values.
Ans → half life
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Q. Name the adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells
Ans → humoral immunity
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Q. Vehicle often ethanol used in combination to increase the solubility of drugs.
Ans → cosolvent
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Q. Dosage form in which the active ingredient is insoluble in the carrier; includes aerosols, suspensions, emulsions , and foams
Ans → disperse system
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Q. Name the large group of antigens bound by antibodies; large enough to settle out of fluid suspension
Ans → immune complex
Explanation →
Q. Yellowish color of the skin and mucous membranes caused by excessive bilirubin caused by a failure of the liver to effectively process the breakdown of hemoglobin
Ans → jaundice
Explanation →
Q. Region of the respiratory tract containing the vocal cords; also referred to as the voice box
Ans → larynx
Explanation →
Q. A common STI of the reproductive system caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Ans → Gonorrheao
Explanation →
Q. Name a dormant cell that survives in the death phase and is resistant to most antibiotics
Ans → persister
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Q. What is the name of the eye infection caused by herpes simplex virus
Ans → herpes keratitis
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Q. An equimolar mixture of the two enantiomeric isomers of a compound.
Ans → racemic mixture
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Q. The scientist who observed that there exists a relationship between the contents of purines and pyrimidines in DNA structure
Ans → Erwin Chargaff
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Q. All those organisms which do not require air i.e. molecular oxygen for survival , metabolism and growth
Ans → Anaerobes
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Q. An overall reaction in which an electrophile binds to a substrate with the expulsion of another electrophile is known as
Ans → electrophilic substitution
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Q. For a substance, the time required for the amount of a drug or a substance in a biological system to be reduced to one-half of its value by biological processes when the rate of removal is approximately exponential.
Ans → biological half life
Explanation →
Q. Carbohydrates are the polyhydroxyaldehydes or ketones, or compounds which produce them on
Ans → Hydrolysis
Explanation →