Read 15+ important questions and answers about Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine from 2020 to 2025 — who won, what discoveries they made, and their global impact.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2020–2025) – Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Q1. Who won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and why?
Answer:
Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi won it for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance, explaining how immune system avoids attacking the body.
Q2. What is “peripheral immune tolerance”?
Answer:
It is the mechanism by which the immune system prevents its cells from attacking the body’s own tissues.
Q3. Which gene did Brunkow and Ramsdell identify in their Nobel-winning work?
Answer:
The FOXP3 gene.
Q4. Which cell type did the 2025 Nobel laureates highlight in controlling immune tolerance?
Answer:
Regulatory T cells (Tregs).
Q5. Who won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and for what discovery?
Answer:
Katalin Karikó & Drew Weissman for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled effective mRNA vaccines.
Q6. What problem did Karikó and Weissman solve to make mRNA vaccines possible?
Answer:
They modified nucleosides in mRNA to avoid unwanted inflammation and improve protein production.
Q7. In 2025, how many laureates shared the Medicine Nobel?
Answer:
Three (Brunkow, Ramsdell, Sakaguchi).
Q8. What is the aim of studying peripheral immune tolerance in medicine?
Answer:
To develop new treatments for autoimmune diseases and improve immune regulation.
Q9. Which institution awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?
Answer:
The Karolinska Institute.
Q10. What type of trials are underway based on the 2025 Nobel discovery?
Answer:
Clinical trials investigating therapies targeting peripheral immune tolerance.
Q11. What discovery in 2023 helped in the fight against COVID-19?
Answer:
The mRNA vaccine technology enabled by Karikó & Weissman’s nucleoside modifications.
Q12. What year was the FOXP3 gene link (to autoimmune disease) discovered in mice by Brunkow & Ramsdell?
Answer:
2001
Q13. Which region of the immune system was previously overemphasized before peripheral tolerance was understood?
Answer:
Central tolerance (thymic selection) was previously believed to be the sole mechanism.
Q14. What is the broader significance of the 2025 Nobel discoveries?
Answer:
What is the broader significance of the 2025 Nobel discoveries?
Q15. Which country is associated with Shimon Sakaguchi, one of the 2025 laureates?
Answer:
Japan.
Q16. What major challenge did Karikó & Weissman’s work overcome in mRNA therapeutics?
Answer:
The problem of immune response to synthetic mRNA and low protein expression.
Q17. For what discovery was the 2024 Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded?
Answer:
For the discovery of microRNA and its role in gene regulation.
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