Download PDF – RRB PM-UT 03 – Anatomy & Physiology Practice Test 3: Respiratory & Excretory Systems

RRB PM-UT 03 – Anatomy & Physiology Practice Test 3: Respiratory & Excretory Systems

Q1. Which structural component of the human respiratory tract contains incomplete C-shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings that help prevent luminal collapse during changes in intrathoracic pressure?

A) Bronchioles

B) Trachea

C) Terminal bronchioles

D) Alveolar ducts

Answer: (B)

The trachea contains about 16–20 incomplete C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage along its anterior and lateral walls. The posterior gap is bridged by the trachealis muscle and a membranous wall next to the oesophagus. The cartilage supports airway patency; bronchioles lack cartilage.

Q2. What specific histological feature characterizes the respiratory epithelium lining the luminal surface of the conducting nasopharynx and trachea?

A) Simple cuboidal brush-border epithelium

B) Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

C) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

D) Non-ciliated transitional epithelium

Answer: (C)

The respiratory mucosa lining the nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and primary bronchi is composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells. The rhythmic coordinated beating of cilia drives the mucociliary escalator toward the pharynx, sweeping trapped particulate matter and pathogens out of the respiratory tract.

Q3. Which laryngeal cartilage is completely circular and forms the signet-shaped inferior foundation of the skeletal larynx at the level of C6?

A) Thyroid cartilage

B) Arytenoid cartilage

C) Cricoid cartilage

D) Epiglottic cartilage

Answer: (C)

The cricoid cartilage is the only completely circular cartilaginous ring surrounding the upper airway, anatomically situated at the inferior limit of the larynx at the level of the C6 vertebra. It features a narrow anterior arch and a broad posterior lamina resembling a signet ring. The thyroid, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages do not form complete rings.

Q4. What is the primary function of Type II alveolar pneumocytes (granular pneumocytes) in pulmonary histology?

A) Engulfing inhaled microparticulate matter via phagocytosis

B) Facilitating passive diffusion of respiratory gases across the air-blood barrier

C) Synthesis and secretion of pulmonary surfactant

D) Regulating pulmonary arteriolar tone by direct nitric oxide synthesis

Answer: (C)

Type II alveolar pneumocytes are cuboidal epithelial cells comprising ~5% of the alveolar surface that synthesize, store (in lamellar bodies), and secrete pulmonary surfactant (predominantly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, DPPC). Surfactant reduces alveolar surface tension at low volumes, preventing end-expiratory alveolar atelectasis. Gas diffusion occurs primarily across thin Type I pneumocytes.

Q5. According to Fick's Law of Diffusion, how does an increase in the alveolar-capillary membrane thickness (such as in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) affect gas diffusion rate?

A) It increases diffusion rate linearly

B) It has zero effect on the diffusion rate of oxygen

C) It decreases the diffusion rate inversely proportionally

D) It doubles the partial pressure gradient across the membrane

Answer: (C)

Fick's Law of Diffusion dictates that diffusion rate (V) is directly proportional to surface area (A), diffusion constant (D), and pressure gradient (ΔP), and inversely proportional to membrane thickness (T): V = [A × D × ΔP] / T. Pathological expansion of membrane thickness (e.g., interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary edema) increases the diffusion distance, thereby inversely decreasing the diffusion rate of oxygen.

Q6. What volume of air remains inside the human lungs following a maximal, forceful exhalation and cannot be measured directly by standard spirometry?

A) Tidal Volume (TV)

B) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

C) Residual Volume (RV)

D) Vital Capacity (VC)

Answer: (C)

Residual Volume (RV, ~1100-1200 mL) is the volume of gas remaining inside the pulmonary tree after a maximal forced exhalation. Because RV never leaves the lungs during breathing maneuvers, it cannot be exhaled into a spirometer and must be measured using indirect techniques such as helium dilution, nitrogen washout, or body plethysmography.

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