Download PDF – RRB PM-UT 01 – Anatomy & Physiology Test 1: Cells, Tissues & Skeletal System

RRB PM-UT 01 – Anatomy & Physiology Test 1: Cells, Tissues & Skeletal System

Q1. Which organelle contains acid hydrolases maintained at an acidic pH of approximately 4.5 to 5.0 for macromolecular degradation?

A) Peroxisome

B) Lysosome

C) Proteasome

D) Golgi apparatus

Answer: (B)

Lysosomes are single membrane-bound cellular organelles containing over 50 acidic hydrolases (including proteases, nucleases, and glycosidases) that operate optimally at pH 4.5-5.0 maintained by a vacuolar H+-ATPase proton pump. Peroxisomes contain catalase and oxidases, proteasomes are non-membrane protein complexes, and the Golgi apparatus functions in protein sorting and post-translational modification.

Q2. During which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle does semi-conservative replication of genomic nuclear DNA take place?

A) G1 phase

B) G2 phase

C) S phase

D) M phase

Answer: (C)

Nuclear genomic DNA replication occurs during the Synthesis (S) phase. DNA content doubles as each chromosome is replicated into two sister chromatids; the cell remains diploid (2n) in chromosome-set number. G1 and G2 are growth/preparation phases, while M phase includes mitosis and usually cytokinesis.

Q3. Which cellular transport mechanism utilizes the electrochemical sodium gradient generated by the Na+/K+-ATPase to import glucose against its concentration gradient?

A) Primary active transport

B) Secondary active symport

C) Facilitated diffusion

D) Simple non-ionic diffusion

Answer: (B)

The sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT-1) in renal tubular and intestinal epithelial cells utilizes secondary active symport. It harnesses the favorable downhill chemical gradient of Na+ (established by primary active Na+/K+-ATPase) to drive the uphill entry of glucose into the cell against its chemical concentration gradient.

Q4. What is the primary ribosomal subunit target and sediment coefficient composition of eukaryotic cytosolic ribosomes?

A) 70S (comprising 50S and 30S subunits)

B) 80S (comprising 60S and 40S subunits)

C) 80S (comprising 50S and 30S subunits)

D) 70S (comprising 60S and 40S subunits)

Answer: (B)

Eukaryotic cytosolic ribosomes have a sedimentation coefficient of 80S, which dissociates into a large 60S subunit (containing 28S, 5.8S, and 5S rRNAs plus 49 proteins) and a small 40S subunit (containing 18S rRNA and 33 proteins). In contrast, prokaryotic and mitochondrial ribosomes are 70S (50S + 30S subunits).

Q5. Which type of epithelial tissue lines the luminal surface of the urinary bladder and renal pelvis to accommodate cyclical volume fluctuations?

A) Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

B) Simple columnar brush-border epithelium

C) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

D) Transitional epithelium (Urothelium)

Answer: (D)

Transitional epithelium (urothelium) lines the renal calyces, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra. Its superficial umbrella (facet) cells can transition from rounded, cuboidal shapes to flattened, squamous forms via unfolding of apical membrane plaques, preventing rupture during bladder distension while maintaining an impermeable osmotic barrier.

Q6. Which intercellular junctional complex forms the main paracellular seal, with claudins as its principal sealing proteins?

A) Tight junctions (Zonula occludens)

B) Adherens junctions (Zonula adherens)

C) Desmosomes (Macula adherens)

D) Gap junctions (Nexus)

Answer: (A)

Tight junctions (zonula occludens) occur near the apical region of lateral epithelial membranes. Claudins are the principal proteins that determine paracellular barrier properties; occludin contributes to junction organization and regulation. Tight junctions help control paracellular permeability and maintain apical-basolateral cell polarity.

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