Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2020–2025) – Questions and Answers
Read 15+ important questions and answers about Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine from 2020 to 2025 — who won, what discoveries they made, and their global impact.
Q1
Who won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and why?
A
Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi won it for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance, explaining how immune system avoids attacking the body.
Q2
What is “peripheral immune tolerance”?
A
It is the mechanism by which the immune system prevents its cells from attacking the body’s own tissues.
Q3
Which gene did Brunkow and Ramsdell identify in their Nobel-winning work?
A
The FOXP3 gene.
Q4
Which cell type did the 2025 Nobel laureates highlight in controlling immune tolerance?
A
Regulatory T cells (Tregs).
Q5
Who won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and for what discovery?
A
Katalin Karikó & Drew Weissman for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled effective mRNA vaccines.
Q6
What problem did Karikó and Weissman solve to make mRNA vaccines possible?
A
They modified nucleosides in mRNA to avoid unwanted inflammation and improve protein production.
Q7
In 2025, how many laureates shared the Medicine Nobel?
A
Three (Brunkow, Ramsdell, Sakaguchi).
Q8
What is the aim of studying peripheral immune tolerance in medicine?
A
To develop new treatments for autoimmune diseases and improve immune regulation.
Q9
Which institution awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?
A
The Karolinska Institute.
Q10
What type of trials are underway based on the 2025 Nobel discovery?
A
Clinical trials investigating therapies targeting peripheral immune tolerance.
Q11
What discovery in 2023 helped in the fight against COVID-19?
A
The mRNA vaccine technology enabled by Karikó & Weissman’s nucleoside modifications.
Q12
What year was the FOXP3 gene link (to autoimmune disease) discovered in mice by Brunkow & Ramsdell?
A
2001
Q13
Which region of the immune system was previously overemphasized before peripheral tolerance was understood?
A
Central tolerance (thymic selection) was previously believed to be the sole mechanism.
Q14
What is the broader significance of the 2025 Nobel discoveries?
A
What is the broader significance of the 2025 Nobel discoveries?
Q15
Which country is associated with Shimon Sakaguchi, one of the 2025 laureates?
A
Japan.
Q16
What major challenge did Karikó & Weissman’s work overcome in mRNA therapeutics?
A
The problem of immune response to synthetic mRNA and low protein expression.
Q17
For what discovery was the 2024 Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded?
A
For the discovery of microRNA and its role in gene regulation.
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