Matter and its states:
• Matter is anything that have definite mass, occupies space, can exert pressure, can produce physical resistance and whose existence can be felt by any of our sense organ.
• It is present everywhere in form of different states which we will be studying further . The example can be air and water, sand and sugar, iron and wood , oxygen and hydrogen, milk and oil ,rocks and minerals etc.
• The matter is divided into two categories on the basis of composition:
1. Physical composition = solid, liquid, gas, plasma.
2. Chemical composition = element, compound, mixture.
Notes
1. Physical composition of matter
Jagriti 01 Jan 1970In this composition of matter. We will be talking about the intermolecular force exerted between the molecules. Although there are so many factors behind the existence of physical composition of matter but here basically we will be dealing with the forces applied between molecules or particles. On this basis, it is divided into 3 types, i.e., solid, liquid and gases.
Solid:
• They have a rigid structure that cannot be changed easily.
• They have fixed shapes and volumes.
• They have the lowest energy.
• The molecules are regular and closely arranged.
• It cannot flow.
• It is difficult to compress.
• They have very little intermolecular space.
• The intermolecular attraction is high.
• In most of the solid substance, sound traveling seed is high.
• It occupies definite space .
• They need not any storage to contain.
Liquid:
• They have a definite volume.
• They don’t have definite shapes as they can take the shape of the container in which they are kept.
• They can flow easily from higher to lower levels.
• They don’t have any particular structure.
• It is nearly difficult to compress.
• The molecules are randomly placed and little sparsely arranged.
• They have medium energy.
• They have more molecular space.
• They can propagate sound easily but less than solids.
• It occupies space but can adjust.
• They need a container for storage.
Gas:
• They do not have a definite shape but fills completely in the container in which they are filled.
• They do not have definite volume.
• They do not require more space, as they can fill in completely in the given container despite its size.
• They can be compressed very easily.
• They have the highest energy.
• The molecules are randomly placed and more sparsely arranged.
• They have the lowest sound speed among all.
• They need a closed container for storage.
2. Chemical composition of matter
Jagriti 01 Jan 1970Chemical Composition of Matter As like physical composition of matter, chemical composition is also divided into various type for better clarifications which deals with the chemical property of any substance. On this basis element is divided into three groups element, compound and mixture.
Element:
• It is a fundamental matter which can not be divided or decomposed into two or more component having different characteristics or properties by any physical or chemical process.• Purest form of matter.
• It is of two types – metals and none metals.
• Their atoms have same nuclear charge.
• Metals are malleable in nature and good conductor of heat and electricity while non metals are brittle in nature and bad conductor of heat and electricity.
Compound:
• It is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements composed in a definite ratio.
• The physical and chemical property of the formed compound varies from the constituents or components of the earlier elements.
• For ex –(H 2 O ) water is formed from hydrogen and oxygen. ( C O 2 ) carbon dioxide is formed from carbon and oxygen.
Mixture:
• It is a substance formed by the two or more element by the means of physical combination into two or more pure element.
• They don’t have used elements of definite proportion.
• For ex – Air ( which Is mixture of many gases) , Brass ( copper + zinc) etc.